50 Investible Opportunities for a New Nature Economy Supplementary Appendix 2026

37 Biomanufacturing leverages biological processes (e.g. enzymatic conversion, fermentation, biocatalysis) and organisms (e.g., bacteria, yeast, algae) to produce a wide range of chemicals – Pollution reduction : Biomanufacturing processes using microorganisms can significantly reduce pollution compared to traditional manufacturing by producing fewer harmful by - products – . Enhanced resource efficiency: Processes use engineered microbes to convert waste products into valuable resources Archetype Ecosystem Nature impact Transformative impact Suitability of financing and de - risking instruments Technological/ process maturity Capital intensity Scalability Bonds Loans Equity Other De - risking Advanced market commitments Commercial bonds Thematic bonds Sustainability - linked bonds Impact bonds Commercial loans Thematic loans / project finance Sustainability - linked loans Impact loans Commercial equity Private equity Venture capital Impact equity Blended finance Insurance Legend: Low High Low suitability High suitability Payments for ecosystem services Land ecosystem Ocean ecosystem Freshwater use Resource use Pollution Co - benefits Climate Social ✓ – High upfront capital costs : Establishing facilities involves capital for infrastructure, equipment and technology. – Barriers to scale: Limitations in sourcing non - carbohydrate feedstocks and processes need to be optimized for larger scales. – Financing suitability characteristics : Feedstock producers, including agricultural and biomass suppliers, often require capital to scale cultivation, harvesting, and processing capacities. Early - stage or smaller - scale feedstock providers may rely on impact equity, or blended finance, often supported by public grants and subsidies to improve yield, sustainable practices, and supply chain resilience. Established feedstock suppliers and aggregators typically access project finance and commercial loans. Large - scale infrastructure investments for feedstock processing, storage, and distribution can be financed through green bonds or other debt instruments– Acces s to markets : Bio - manufactured products are increasingly growing market due to regulation or consumer with willingness to pay – Recurring operating expenditure: Labour, crop inputs, utilities and logistics are ongoing operational costs Negative impact Positive impact Financing target Feedstock producers Agri, Food & Forestry Chemicals, Plastics & Pharma Construction Materials Energy Mining Technology Transportation & Logistics Cross - sectoral Automotive Fashion & Textiles Leisure Waste Management Metals & Steel Conditions Sustainable feedstock supplies to prevent net new land - use change Financial impact Revenue increase✓ Opex reduction – Capex reduction – Biomanufacturing processes for chemicals FINANCING THE NATURE - POSITIVE TRANSITION