Building Climate Resilient Utilities 2025

Endnotes 1. World Economic Forum. (2024). Business on the Edge: Building Resilience to Climate Hazards. https://www.weforum.org/ publications/business-on-the-edge-building-industry-resilience-to-climate-hazards/. 2. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2023). Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, [Core Writing Team, H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.)].  https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_ SYR_FullVolume.pdf. 3. China Meteorology Administration, Climate Change Centre. (2025). Blue Book on Climate Change in China 2025. Science Press. https://www.cma.gov.cn/en/news/NewsEvents/news/202507/t20250701_7180357.html. 4. World Meteorological Organization (2025). WMO confirms 2024 as warmest year on record at about 1.55°C above pre-industrial level. https://wmo.int/media/news/wmo-confirms-2024-warmest-year-record-about-155degc-above-pre- industrial-level. 5. China Meteorology Administration, Climate Change Centre. (2025). Blue Book on Climate Change in China 2025. Science Press. https://www.cma.gov.cn/en/news/NewsEvents/news/202507/t20250701_7180357.html. 6. China Meteorology Administration, Climate Change Centre. (2025). Blue Book on Climate Change in China 2025. Science Press. https://www.cma.gov.cn/en/news/NewsEvents/news/202507/t20250701_7180357.html. 7. SSP5-8.5 is defined by the IPCC as the most extreme of the “Shared Socioeconomic Pathways” (SSPs) that pairs the SSP5 “Fossil-fuelled development” socioeconomic pathway – rapid growth driven by intensive fossil-fuel use and high energy demand – with a radiative forcing level of ~8.5 W/m² in 2100. It represents a very high greenhouse-gas emissions future with minimal mitigation and is used by IPCC AR6 as the upper-end warming pathway. 8. Fang, P ., Wang, T., Yang, D. et al. (2025). Substantial increases in compound climate extremes and associated socio- economic exposure across China under future climate change. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, vol. 8, no. 17. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-025-00910-7. 9. Chen, C., Wang, Z. (2025). Reflections on the Impact of Extreme Weather on New Power Systems and Countermeasures. Energy Observer Magazine Co., Ltd. https://doaj.org/article/8f91637e500840f4804d1f15631524ea. 10. Yuan, J. (2022). What were the pain points of the power rationing caused by high temperatures in Sichuan in 2022 and how to prevent such a scenario from recurring? Caixin Media. https://zhishifenzi.blog.caixin.com/archives/260319. 11. Skoplaki, E., & Palyvos, J. A. (2009). On the temperature dependence of photovoltaic module electrical performance: A review of efficiency/power correlations. Solar Energy. 83(5), 614-624. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/ abs/pii/S0038092X08002788. 12. China Meteorological Data Service Center. (2022). The continuous global warming will pose a threat to the security of the Yangtze River Basin. http://www.nmic.cn/site/article/id/41667.html. [Weblink accessible from China]. 13. Shen, J., Wang, Y., Lin, M. et al. (2025). Quantifying the impact of extreme weather on China’s hydropower–wind–solar renewable energy system. Nature Water. vol. 3, 415–429. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/390468763_ Quantifying_the_impact_of_extreme_weather_on_China’s_hydropower-wind-solar_renewable_energy_system. Note: The utilization rate of power is a supply-side index that refers to the ratio of the actual output or usage of a power generation facility (e.g. power plant, wind farm, solar installation) to its maximum possible output over a specific period. 14. Chen, C., Wang, Z. (2025). Reflections on the Impact of Extreme Weather on New Power Systems and Countermeasures. Energy Observer Magazine Co., Ltd. https://doaj.org/article/8f91637e500840f4804d1f15631524ea. 15. China Ministry of Ecology and Environment, National Development and Reform Commission of China, et al. (2022). National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy 2035. http://www.ncsc.org.cn/SY/syqhbh/202206/ W020221026516413083356.pdf. 16. China Meteorological Administration. (2025, 27 June). China Meteorological Administration July 2025 Press Conference. https://www.cma.gov.cn/wmhd/2011wzbft/2011wzxzb/xwfbh_2507/index.html. 17. China Ministry of Ecology and Environment. (2025). 2024 China Progress Report on Climate Change Adaptation. https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk06/202506/W020250624798282455900.pdf. 18. Shanghai Municipal People’s Government. (2025). Notice of the People’s Government of Chongming District on Issuing the Pilot Implementation Plan for Building a Climate-Resilient City in the District. https://www.shanghai.gov.cn/ nw12344/20250224/b773dcb3760c4f84bc6d85ea04b0ae37.html. 19. China Ministry of Ecology and Environment. (2025). China Climate Change Adaptation Progress Report (2024), p.19. https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk06/202506/W020250624798282455900.pdf. 20. China Resources Gas. Expert interview, 2 June 2025. 21. China Huaneng Group. Expert interview, 16 April 2025. 22. China Meteorological Administration. (2024). With Over 76,000 Stations, China Enhances Its Comprehensive Meteorological Observation System. https://www.cma.gov.cn/ztbd/2024zt/20241009/2024100904/202410/ t20241014_6638665.html. Building Climate-Resilient Utilities: Lessons from China and Future Pathways 29