GGGR 2025

Global Gender Gap Report 20253940.7%. While most indicator values remain the same, parity in estimated earned income rises from 28.6% to 29.9%, positively impacting the subindex score. Scores in labour-force participation rate remains the same (45.9%), duplicating India’s highest level achieved to date. In Educational Attainment, India scores 97.1%, reflecting positive shifts in female shares for literacy and tertiary education enrolment, which result in positive score improvements for the subindex as a whole. India also records higher parity in Health and Survival, driven by improved scores in sex ratio at birth and in healthy life expectancy. However, similar to other countries, parity in the latter is obtained despite an overall reduction in men’s and women’s life expectancy. Where India records a slight drop in parity (-0.6 points) since the last edition is in Political Empowerment. Female representation in parliament falls from 14.7% to 13.8% in 2025, lowering the indicator score for the second year in a row below 2023 levels. Similarly, the share of women in ministerial roles falls from 6.5% to 5.6%, moving the indicator score (5.9%) further away this year from its highest level (30%, 2019). Indonesia Indonesia ranks 97th in 2025, climbing three positions compared to 2024. Its overall gender parity score increases from 68.6% to 69.2% over the same period. While some of the year-on-year variation is linked to data availability, particularly in women’s representation in parliament, long-term trends show more consistent progress. Since 2006, Indonesia has closed 5.2 percentage points of its political gender gap, driven by a steady increase in women’s parliamentary representation, alongside some gains in ministerial positions. However, women’s representation in ministerial roles has declined in recent years, though it remains above 2006 levels. In the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex, Indonesia has seen gradual progress, with a notable increase in women’s representation in senior roles. Between 2006 and 2025, the gender parity score for legislators, senior officials and managers rises from 20.5% to 49.4%. In the Educational Attainment subindex, women are steadily catching up to men across all education levels. This is particularly evident in tertiary education, where the score improves from 79.4% in 2006 to a point where women are now more likely than men to enrol. In the Health and Survival subindex, Indonesia has maintained a near-parity score, with only a minor decrease in the females-to-males ratio at birth – from 0.944 in 2006 to 0.943 in 2025 – representing a -0.1 percentage-point change over the period. Japan Retaining the same rank as in the 2024 edition (118th), Japan shows a slight improvement (+0.3 points) in overall gender parity score (66.6%) compared to last year. This result puts Japan on track to reach and surpass its highest score to date, 67%, recorded in 2015. Across nearly every subindex, Japan has increased parity since 2024. Most notably, it is in Economic Participation and Opportunity where Japan records the most progress, raising its score from 56.8% to 61.3%. The shift is boosted by increased rates of women participating in the labour force (from 54.8% to 55.6%), higher representation of women in the senior officials, managers and legislators category (from 14.6% to 16.1%), as well as increased parity in estimated earned income (59.2%, up from 58.3%). In Educational Attainment, results remain virtually static. Parity in tertiary education enrolment increases alongside female rates in the category – but not enough to close the gap just yet. There are no significant changes in Health and Survival, as parity ratios prevail despite updates to indicator values. Where Japan’s performance decreases is in Political Empowerment, from 11.8% in 2024 to 8.5% in 2025. The regression stems from a reduction in women’s ministerial representation, from 25% to 10%, and places Japan back on prior and lower levels of performance after recording its highest-ever political parity score in 2024. Mexico Mexico climbs 10 positions to rank 23rd globally and rises two spots to 5th in Latin American and the Caribbean. The economy has shown consistent progress over time, with its overall parity score increasing from 64.6% in 2006 to 77.6% in 2025. This clear upward trajectory is primarily driven by improvements in economic and political gender parity. In Economic Participation and Opportunity, Mexico’s parity score rises from 48.0% in 2006 to 60.9% in 2025. However, this year’s performance reflects a slight decline of 0.3 percentage points from the previous year, due mainly to a drop in the perceived wage equality score – from 52.2% in 2024 to 51.3% in 2025. While Mexico has caught up with the global average in economic parity (61.0%), it still lags behind the regional average of 65.6. In Political Empowerment, Mexico has demonstrated outstanding performance in women’s representation in both parliamentary and ministerial positions. The economy has maintained full gender parity in parliament since 2022 and, for the first time in 2025, has closed more than 80% of the gender gap in ministerial roles. With the election of Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo as Mexico’s first female president in late 2024, Mexico has now closed over half of its political gender gap. Across the Educational Attainment and Health and Survival subindexes, Mexico has consistently maintained near-full gender parity over time. Nigeria Trending towards having a majority male population, Nigeria ranks 124th in 2025, having closed 64.9% of its overall gender gap yet losing one rank and –1.0 percentage points in score compared to last year’s edition of the index. Nigeria records improved scores in Economic Participation and Opportunity, registering a +3.6-point improvement from last year. Across economic parity indicators, there are positive developments – most notably, parity in