GGGR 2025

Global Gender Gap Report 2025671. The equality benchmark value is 98.0% for the Health and Survival subindex, instead of 100%. Refer to Appendix B, Section B for more details. 2. World Economic Forum, The Global Gender Gap Report 2024, 2024, https://www.weforum.org/publications/ global-gender-gap-report-2024/; World Economic Forum, The Global Gender Gap Report 2023, 2023, World Economic Forum, 2023, https://www.weforum.org/publications/global-gender-gap-report-2023/. 3. World Health Organization (WHO), “Life expectance at birth (years)”, The Global Health Observatory database, https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/life-expectancy-at-birth-(years). 4. LaGarde, Christine and Jonathan D. Ostry, “Economic Gains from Gender Inclusion: Even Greater than You Thought”, IMF blog, 28 November 2018, https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2018/11/28/blog-economic-gains-from-gender-inclusion-even-greater-than-you-thought. 5. André, Christopher, Orsetta Causa, Emilia Soldani, Douglas Sutherland and Filiz Unsal, Promoting gender equality to strengthen economic growth and resilience, OECD Economics Department Working Papers No. 1776, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2023, https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2023/11/promoting-gender-equality-to-strengthen-economic-growth-and-resilience_5bd62a5b/54090c29-en.pdf. 6. Shue, Kelly, “Women Aren’t Promoted Because Managers Underestimate Their Potential”, Yale Insights, 17 September 2021, https://insights.som.yale.edu/insights/women-arent-promoted-because-managers-underestimate-their-potential. 7. Kavanagh-Smith, Danielle, Global Gender Gaps in Career Breaks, LinkedIn Economic Graph Research Institute, 6 November 2024, https://economicgraph.linkedin.com/content/dam/me/economicgraph/en-us/PDF/gender-gaps-in-career-breaks.pdf. 8. World Economic Forum, The Future of Jobs Report 2023, 2023. 9. World Economic Forum, The Future of the Care Economy 2024, 2024.10. Fernández, Raquel, Asel Isakova, Francesco Luna and Barbara Rambousek, Gender Equality and Inclusive Growth, IMF Working Paper WP/21/59, International Monetary Fund, 2021. 11. Der Boghossian, Anoush, “Addressing Barriers to Women’s Decent Work Through Trade Policy”, in Integrating Trade and Decent Work Volume 2: The Potential of Trade and Investment Policies to Address Labour Market Issues in supply Chains, edited by M. Corley-Coulibaly, F .C. Ebert and P .S. Richiardi, International Labour Organization, 2023. 12. World Bank, Women and Trade: The Role of Trade in Promoting Women’s Equality, 2020, https://www.worldbank. org/en/topic/trade/publication/women-and-trade-the-role-of-trade-in-promoting-womens-equality. 13. Ibid. 14. Ibid. 15. McDaniel, Christine, Globalization Helps Women Thrive: Globalization Is Good but Not a Panacea, Cato Institute, 30 December 2024. 16. Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Trade and Gender: A Framework of Analysis, OECD Trade Policy Paper n°246, 2021. 17. Estimating the global employment impact of changes in export volumes is highly complex due to significant heterogeneity in sector-level elasticities as well as in export impacts. To arrive at a high-level approximation, the estimated number of jobs impacted was calculated with the following assumptions: Following WTO projections of the impact of recent trade policy shifts and overall geopolitical uncertainty, a 1% contraction in global trade volumes is assumed. Out of a total global employment of 3.6 billion (World Bank, World Development Indicators database, 2024), an employment elasticity of exports of 0.31 was applied to estimate the potential number of jobs impacted by changes in exports, based on the findings of Winkler, Deborah, Hagen Kruse, Luis Aguilar Luna, and Maryla Maliszewska, Linking Trade to Jobs, Incomes, and Activities: New Stylized Facts for Low- and Middle-Income Countries, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 10635, 2023. The elasticity is based on regression estimates from 48 OECD and non-OECD countries (1995–2018) (alternatively, an employment elasticity of intermediate imports of 0.42 could be applied, reflecting effects from disintegration of global value chains). To estimate gender-specific impacts, it was assumed that women hold approximately 41% of jobs.Endnotes