Global Aviation Sustainability Outlook 2025

Official environmental taxonomies, by country and region, 2019-2023 FIGURE 10 Colombia (2022): Framework includes: (1) climate change mitigation and adaptation, (2) sustainable water management, (3) promotion of a circular economy, (4) pollution prevention and control, (5) conservation of terrestrial and marine ecosystems and biodiversity, as well as soil management. Mexico (2023): Follows the structure and methodology of the EU Taxonomy; defines criteria for 124 activities in six sectors responsible for ~90% of Mexico's GHG emissions. Russia (2021): Covers waste management, energy, construction, industry, transport, water supply, biodiversity, agriculture. Mongolia (2019): Stipulates a list of activities considered environmentally sustainable for investment purposes, e.g. green loans, green bonds. Seven overall categories are identified and supported with quantitative policy targets. South Korea (2022): Guideline is not legally binding but provides principles and standards based on six goals: (1) greenhouse gas reduction, (2) adaptation to climate change, (3) sustainable water conservation, (4) recycling, (5) pollution prevention, (5) management and biodiversity. Kazakhstan (2021): Defines green projects eligible for financing through green bonds and credits with a focus on energy, green buildings, water, waste, agriculture, clean transport. Georgia (2022): Based on the EU Taxonomy, adjusted for Georgia’s regional context, focusing on improving energy efficiency in its emerging economy and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. South Africa (2021): Adapted from the EU Taxonomy to suit local conditions and development needs; covers renewable energy, green buildings, sustainable agriculture. Uzbekistan (2023): Defines green projects eligible for financing through green bonds and credits. China (2020): Focuses on defining eligible projects for green bonds in areas like renewable energy, pollution control, ecological conservation. Excludes "clean coal”, aligning more closely with international standards after recent updates. Bangladesh (2020): Includes tech-screening criteria, six environmental objectives and principle of substantial contribution to one1 – plus DNSH and minimum social and governance safeguards. ASEAN (2021): A multi-tiered system catering to member countries at varying stages of development. Classifies activities under a "Foundation Framework" (basic principles) and a "Plus Standard" (more advanced criteria). Note: Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand also have their own taxonomies. Sri Lanka (2022): focuses on sectors such as renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, waste management, climate resilience. EU (2020): Defines six environmental objectives on: (1) climate change mitigation, (2) adaptation, (3) water resources, (4) circular economy, (5) pollution prevention, (6) biodiversity. Activities must "do no significant harm" to any objective while complying with minimum social safeguards. Norway has also adopted the EU Taxonomy. 1. The principle of substantial contribution requires that, for an activity/project to be considered compliant, it must make a significant positive impact on at least one of the environmental objectives specified by the tech-screening criteria, while ensuring it does no significant harm (DNSH) and adheres to minimum social and governance safeguards. Source: Kearney analysis for World Economic Forum. Global Aviation Sustainability Outlook 2025 26