Appendix A Definitions and Global Risks List Definitions For the purposes of this report, “Climate change” is a structural force that encompasses the trajectories of global warming and possible consequences to Earth systems, reflecting anthropogenic actions and environmental changes. “Demographic bifurcation” is a structural force that refers to changes to the size, growth and structure of national, regional or global populations, and the resulting impact on socioeconomic and political structures. It includes, but is not limited to, migration, fertility and ageing rates. “Geostrategic shifts” is a structural force that refers to changing geopolitical power dynamics. It encompasses global and regional alliances and relations, the offensive and defensive projection of different sources of power (including economic), and national attitudes relating to key actors, governance mechanisms and strategic goals. “Global risk” is the possibility of the occurrence of an event or condition that, if it occurs, would negatively impact a significant proportion of global GDP , population or natural resources. “Structural force” is the long-term shift in the arrangement of and relation between the systemic elements of the global landscape. These shifts are not risks in and of themselves, but have the potential to materially influence the speed, spread and scope of global risks. These include but are not limited to: climate change, demographic bifurcation, geostrategic shifts and technological acceleration. “Technological acceleration” is a structural force that refers to technological developments enabled by exponential growth in computing power and analysis. It has the potential to blur boundaries between technology and humanity, and rapidly give rise to novel and unpredictable global risks. “Under-the-radar risk” is a global risk where new intelligence, a marked deterioration, key decision point or similar suggests that the severity of the risk (likelihood or impact) is increasing and/or is higher than indicated by global risk perceptions. Global risk list Table A.1 presents the list of 33 global risks and definitions adopted in the Global Risks Perception Survey 2024-2025 (GRPS). To ensure legibility, the names of some of the global risks have been abbreviated throughout the report. The portion of the full name used in the abbreviation is in bold in Table A.1. SOCIETAL Decline in health and well-beingRegular or chronic impacts on physical and mental health and well-being that require substantive medical attention and/or limit activities of daily living. Includes, but is not limited to: conditions linked to ageing, excessive consumption habits, and climate change (including heatwaves) and pollution. Erosion of human rights and/or civic freedomsLoss of protections for rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of individual status, and/or the freedoms that underpin civic space. Includes, but is not limited to the right to: life and liberty; work and education; freedom of expression; peaceful assembly; non-discrimination based on gender, race, ethnicity and other characteristics; and privacy. Inequality (wealth, income)Present or perceived substantive disparities in the distribution of assets, wealth or income within or between countries, resulting in material differences in related economic outcomes. Includes, but is not limited to: growing or persistent poverty and economic polarization. Infectious diseases Spread of viruses, parasites, fungi or bacteria leading to a widespread loss of life and economic disruption. Includes, but is not limited to: zoonotic diseases, releases of natural or man-made pathogens, the resurgence of pre-existing diseases due to lower levels of immunity, the rise of antimicrobial resistance, and the impact of climate change and environmental degradation on pathogens and their vectors.TABLE A.1 Definitions of global risks Global Risks Report 2025 75