Numerous smart agricultural solutions rely on cloud computing, IoT networks and remote monitoring. However, inadequate connectivity in rural regions prevents large-scale adoption. Real-time data transmission becomes difficult without reliable broadband. A strong digital infrastructure is essential for digital tools to deliver actionable insights. This encompasses dependable connectivity, sufficient computational capacity and seamless data flow to turn raw agricultural data into decision-ready information. Table 4 highlights key digital solutions tackling connectivity gaps.2.2 Expanding connectivity in rural areas Potential technologies for better connectivity TABLE 4 Technology Low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs)Satellite-based IoT connectivityEdge computing Advantage LPWANs offer long-distance, low-energy connectivity, enabling IoT sensors in distant areas to send soil moisture, rainfall and crop health information without needing continuous internet access.By linking remote farms to cloud platforms, unreliable cellular networks can be overcome for instant decision-making. This allows data-based agriculture in regions lacking current internet infrastructure.Rather than depending on continual internet connectivity, edge computing handles data locally at the farm level. This means AI-generated insights can be provided instantly, even in offline settings. Enhancing rural connectivity infrastructure requires considerable upfront investment, which often poses a challenge for private entities because of minimal short-term profits in remote agricultural regions. Public-private partnerships can mitigate investment risks and establish viable business models by merging public financial support or subsidies with private-sector innovation. Emerging technologies such as edge computing demonstrate that focused, scalable investment can bring long-term benefits.40 Advanced connectivity through data-driven water management not only boosts agricultural productivity but also promotes rural economic growth, making a strong rationale for multi-stakeholder engagement.41 2.3 Upskilling farmers to leverage digital technologies Engaging farmers and rural communities in effective water management should consist of promoting and supporting the adoption of technologies that enhance water efficiency.42 However, farmers require technical expertise to successfully implement digital water management systems. In the absence of training, even the most advanced technologies are not fully utilized. The real challenge isn’t just making data available; it’s about turning that data into actionable insights that smallholder farmers can use in real time. Minoo Rathnasabapathy, MIT Media Lab Harnessing Digital Technologies for Smarter Water Management in Agriculture 24

Harnessing Digital Technologies for Smarter Water Management in Agriculture 2025