PHSSR Policy Roadmaps for Acting Early on NCDs Synthesis Report 2025

17 Acting early on NCDs The Partnership for Health System Sustainability and ResilienceThe country research teams, each led by leading academics, followed a structured methodology, applying a common research framework developed by LSE based on a literature review and consultation with expert stakeholders (see Appendix) whilst maintaining flexibility to address local priorities. The research process began with comprehensive desk reviews examining existing evidence on NCD interventions, current policies, and health system performance. This was complemented by extensive stakeholder consultation, with each country conducting surveys and roundtable discussions with participants including academics, clinicians, policymakers, patient advocates, and private sector representatives. The resulting country reports will provide in-depth analysis of health system strengths and weaknesses along with specific policy recommendations. For this synthesis, a systematic analytical framework was applied to extract and summarise best practices, challenges and recommendations across the participating countries. Extracted insights were extracted and organised into a matrix that allowed for structured comparison across countries. Insights were summarised and grouped to highlight key themes whilst preserving country-specific contexts and nuances. This was used to provide the basis for the narrative synthesis presented in this report. Limitations This synthesis draws from eight country reports which drew on data with varying indicator definitions, measurement periods, and reporting standards. In places, we have drawn upon standardised international data sets to enable direct comparisons rather than national data sources used in the country reports. The selection of illustrative examples from the extensive evidence may not fully capture each country’s complexity or the relative importance of different findings. Moreover, while country reports incorporated stakeholder consultations, this synthesis primarily reflects documented evidence rather than a full range of professional and patient perspectives. The analysis is limited to high-income countries with developed health systems, and findings may not apply to other contexts. The policy levers identified represent patterns observed across country experiences, and countries considering these options should adapt them to their specific institutional contexts, resource constraints, and population needs. PHSSR plans to extend this analysis to low- and middle-income countries. Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge the following individuals and organisations for their contributions to this report. Expert panel The following experts advised on the development of the research framework: Dr Fiona Adshead , Sustainable Healthcare Coalition and Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership Maria Fredin Grupper , World Stroke Organisation Dr Gilberto Lopes , Miller School of Medicine, American Society of Clinical Oncology and JCO Global Oncology Jeremiah Mwangi, World Heart Federation Dr Linda Rabeneck , University of Toronto, IC/ES Toronto, and Cancer Care Ontario (Ontario Health) Professor Raymond Vanholder , Ghent University, European Kidney Health Alliance and European Chronic Disease Alliance Dr Tonya Winders , Global Allergy & Airways Patient Platform and Global Alliance for Patient Access