Executive summary Regulating innovation has never been simple, but it has become one of the defining challenges of leadership. The speed and scale of technological change now exceed the ability of most regulatory systems to adapt, widening the gap between technological progress and public policy. Regulation that evolves with innovation becomes an engine of confidence and growth. Clear and predictable rules attract capital and talent, enable responsible experimentation and build the trust that allows new technologies to take root. In fast-developing fields such as artificial intelligence (AI), the quality and agility of the regulatory model increasingly determine a country’s competitiveness and global influence. Policy-makers must treat regulation as a strategic lever for shaping technological development – not just to contain its risks, but also to create the conditions for new ideas to develop and scale safely. The design of regulation will determine how quickly new ideas reach markets and how widely their benefits are distributed. Delivering this vision depends on five dimensions of regulatory design: defining legal perimeters for emerging technologies, creating mechanisms for learning and adaptation, ensuring that rules open markets to new entrants, building enabling infrastructure where foundational systems are missing, and embedding provisions that allow regulation to adapt over time. Done well, regulation becomes productive, balancing stability and innovation to shape two outcomes leaders care about: where growth concentrates and whether it earns public trust to scale. Different contexts demand different regulatory pathways. Regulators typically pursue three routes: adapting existing frameworks, rebuilding entire regulatory structures and harmonizing with international standards. Adaptive approaches refine rulebooks to accommodate new technologies. Systemic approaches replace obsolete frameworks with new legal arrangements that enable growth. Standards-based approaches align domestic regulation with global benchmarks to ensure interoperability and cross-border recognition. Countries may combine these pathways across sectors to suit priorities – adapting where incremental change suffices, aligning where international consistency matters and rebuilding where transformation is essential. This calls for a new generation of regulators with three capabilities: foresight to anticipate technological shifts and market implications, technical depth to understand complex systems and craft proportionate rules, and the confidence to collaborate with innovators, experts, industry bodies and consumers to test and refine them. Increasingly, regulators will work as networked organizations, linking expertise through shared learning and data. For chief executive officers, five moves matter now: reading the regulatory path early, building trust as a product feature, shaping standards through collaboration, differentiating above the rails, and designing compliance for scale. The coming decade will test whether countries can align technological change and governance fast enough to stay competitive. Regulators that act early to design clear, adaptive rules, and companies that treat regulation as a strategic priority, will shape the standards, trust and markets of the future. Those who wait will compete on others’ terms. The window for leadership in regulatory innovation is open now; those who act first will set the direction of global innovation and competitiveness.Regulation must evolve as quickly as technology does – shifting from constraint to catalyst to enable innovation, trust and competitiveness. The Regulatory Frontier: Designing the Rules that Shape Innovation 4

The Regulatory Frontier Designing the Rules that Shape Innovation 2025