Enterprise layer Trade enabler layer National governance layer Global foundational frameworkThe trade stack introduced the many actors that shape international trade, but understanding who the actors are and what they do is only the first part. The real transformation comes from how these layers connect and exchange information. As trade systems become more complex and interconnected, technology and data are the common language that binds them together. Across ports, borders, financial institutions and digital marketplaces, technology and data now provide the shared infrastructure and networks that are transforming trade from a series of transactions into a connected global system. This evolution marks the shift from the traditional trade stack to the emerging tradetech stack, a system where digital capabilities are embedded in every layer of global commerce. Serving as the connecting fabric of this framework, technology and data are enabling new forms of coordination across governments, enablers and enterprises. From digital ports and blockchain networks to supply chain tools and fintech innovations driven by artificial intelligence (AI), these technologies are powering a more connected, cooperative and resilient global trading system. Given the strain on each layer as a result of geopolitical realignments and growing economic fragmentation, the connecting fabric is more important than ever. The digital platforms, data-sharing systems and intelligent tools outlined in the rest of this section demonstrate how technology is increasing visibility, predictability and collaboration across borders, thus strengthening the trade stack. Single-layer innovations empower and connect actors within layers. They serve one layer’s workflows without creating cross-layer governance or co-managed processes. Augmenting human capital This type of innovation can be particularly useful for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which face resource challenges relative to larger enterprises. According to research from Alibaba. com, an estimated 40% of global SMEs operate as solo entrepreneurs, and they have historically struggled to compete due to limitations in time, finance, personnel and industry know-how. At the same time, 63% of SMEs are actively exploring ways to harness AI for global trade, given their potential.The tradetech stack FIGURE 1 2.1 Single-layer connections: innovations within layers Serving as the connecting fabric of this framework, technology and data are enabling new forms of coordination across governments, enablers and enterprises. Note: This figure provides an overview of the trade stack, showing how technology acts as the connecting fabric between each layer. The TradeTech Paradox: Connectivity Amid Fragmentation 11

The TradeTech Paradox Connectivity Amid Fragmentation 2026