Top 10 Emerging Technologies of 2025
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Endnotes
1. Imperial College London. (n.d.). Structural batteries. https://www.imperial.ac.uk/structural-power-composites/structural-batteries/.
2. Hopkins, B. J., Long, J. W., Rolison, D. R., & Parker, J. F. (2020). High-performance structural batteries. Joule, 4(11),
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3. Physics World. (n.d.). Structural Battery is world’s strongest, say researchers – physics world. https://physicsworld.com/a/
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4. Credence Research. (2024, 28 September). Structural Battery Market Size, growth and forecast 2032.
https://www.credenceresearch.com/report/structural-battery-market.
5. Jin, T., Singer, G., Liang, K., & Yang, Y. (2023). Structural batteries: Advances, challenges and perspectives.
Materials Today, 62, pp. 151-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2022.12.001.
6. International Energy Agency (IEA). (2024). Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2024. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-
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7. Energy.gov. (n.d.). Materials technologies. https://www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/materials-technologies.
8. Nie, B., Lim, J., Liu, T., Kovalenko, I., et al. (2023). Multifunctional composite designs for structural energy storage.
Battery Energy, 2(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.20230023.
9. Karadotcheva, E., Nguyen, S.N., Greenhalgh, E.S., Shaffer, M.S., et al. (2021). Structural Power Performance Targets
for future electric aircraft. Energies, 14(19), 6006. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14196006.
10. Fairs, M. (n.d.). Could carbon fibres soon become free of fossil fuels?. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/
stories/2021/07/scientists-bio-based-carbon-fibres/.
11. Ziemińska-Stolarska, A., Sobulska, M., Pietrzak, M., & Zbiciński, I. (2024). A review of end-of-life scenarios
for fibre-reinforced polymer materials. Energies, 17(15), 3713. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17153713.
12. Ibid.
13. Dubai Future Foundation (DFF). (2024, 11 February). Navigating 10 megatrends shaping our future in 2024.
https://www.dubaifuture.ae/navigating-10-megatrends-shaping-our-future-in-2024.
14. Loeb S. & Norman R.S. (1975). Osmotic power plants. Science, 189(4203), pp.654-5.
15. Aghapour Aktij S., Dadashi Firouzjaei M., Pilevar M., Asad A., et al. (2025). Enhancing sustainable energy production
through co-polyamide membranes for improved pressure-retarded osmosis performance and environmental impact:
synthesis and life cycle analysis. Green Chemistry, 27(3), pp. 586-606.
16. Ibid.
17. Paşaoğlu M.E., Koyuncu İ. (2021). Tubular PAN/CNC Thin Film Nanocomposite (TFN) Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO)
Membrane: Fabrication and Preliminary Evaluation in Desalination Process. Cellulose, 28(13), pp. 8653-70.
18. Kim C., Lee J., Schmucker D., Fortner J.D. (2020). Highly Stable Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
as Functional Draw Solutes for Osmotically Driven Water Transport. NPJ Clean Water, 3(1).
19. Gül T.F., Akalın M., Dönmezler E.N., Bolat A., et al. (2024). Review on reverse electrodialysis process-a pioneering
technology for energy generation by salinity gradient. Frontiers in Membrane Science and Technology, 3.
20. SaltPower. (2025). What is SaltPower. https://saltpower.net/what-is-saltpower/.
21. Kurihara M., Hanakawa M. (2013). Mega-ton Water System: Japanese national research and development project on
seawater desalination and wastewater reclamation. Desalination, 308, pp. 131-7.
22. Hitachi News Release. (2015). Hitachi and Toray to Test “Mega-ton Water System,” a Large-scale, High Efficiency Seawater
Desalination System, in Saudi Arabia [Press release]. https://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/month/2015/05/150520a.html.
23. Cagney, D., & Gruet, R. (2019). Powering Homes Today, Powering Nations Tomorrow. Ocean Energy Europe.
https://www.oceanenergy-europe.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/ETIP-Ocean-Integrated-Strategy-2019-LR.pdf.
24. International Energy Agency (IEA). (2025). Supply – Electricity 2025 – Analysis.
https://www.iea.org/reports/electricity-2025/supply.
25. Hassan, Q., Algburi, S., Sameen, A.Z., Salman, H.M., & Jaszczur, M. (2023). A review of hybrid renewable energy
systems: Solar and wind-powered solutions: Challenges, opportunities, and policy implications. Results in Engineering,
20, 101621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101621.
26. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). (2020). Innovation outlook: Ocean energy technologies.
27. SCISPACE. (n.d.). Osmotic Power: Papers published on a yearly basis. https://typeset.io/topics/osmotic-power-2esx4hak/2023.
28. Sweetch Energy. (2023, 18 December). Sweetch Energy secures €25M to accelerate the global deployment of osmotic
energy. https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6527b5a78159fe64a0eb7cdf/658048131232d2d65a376e14_121823%20
PR%20SWEETCH%20ENERGY.pdf.
29. Hedin, J.T.L., Meli, F., & Narasimhan, K. (2023, 6 April). Method of using nanofiltration and reverse osmosis to remove
chemical contaminants. Google Patents. https://patents.google.com/patent/US20230109082A1/en.
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