Top 10 Emerging Technologies of 2025

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82. Ibid. 83. Florea, L., & Diamond, D. (2022). Sensors and “The internet of biochemical things”. Frontiers in Sensors, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsens.2022.1010212. 84. Ibid. 85. Dubai Future Foundation (DFF). (2024, 11 February). Navigating 10 megatrends shaping our future in 2024. https://www.dubaifuture.ae/navigating-10-megatrends-shaping-our-future-in-2024. 86. Krietsch Boerner, L. (2019, 15 November). Industrial Ammonia production emits more CO2 than any other chemical-making reaction. chemists want to change that. Chemical & Engineering News. https://cen.acs.org/environment/green-chemistry/ Industrial-ammonia-production-emits-CO2/97/i24. 87. Lehigh University. (2018, 9 July). Electrochemically-produced ammonia could revolutionize food production. Phys.org. https://phys.org/news/2018-07-electrochemically-produced-ammonia-revolutionize-food-production.html. 88. Ahmed, M. I., Assafiri, A., Hibbert, D. B., & Zhao, C. (2023). 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Cost-competitive decentralized ammonia fertilizer production can increase food security. Nature Food, 5(6), pp. 469-479. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-024-00979-y. 93. Gallucci, M. (2021). The ammonia solution: Ammonia engines and fuel cells in cargo ships could slash their carbon emissions. IEEE Spectrum, 58(3), pp. 44-50. https://doi.org/10.1109/mspec.2021.9370109. 94. Ibid. 95. Izelaar, B., Ramdin, M., Vlierboom, A., Perez-Fortes, M. et al. (2024). Techno-economic assessment of different smallscale electrochemical NH3 production plants. Energy & Environmental Science, 17, 7983. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ee03299c. 96. Blain, L. (2022, 30 November). World’s largest green ammonia projects could clean up half the market. New Atlas. https://newatlas.com/energy/largest-green-ammonia-projects/. 97. World Economic Forum. (2023). Ammonia Industry. In Net-Zero Industry Tracker 2023. https://www.weforum.org/ publications/net-zero-industry-tracker-2023/ammonia-industry-eaee0d0381/. 98. Lehigh University. (2018, July 9). Electrochemically-produced ammonia could revolutionize food production. Phys.org. https://phys.org/news/2018-07-electrochemically-produced-ammonia-revolutionize-food-production.html. 99. International Energy Agency (IEA). (2021). Executive summary. In Ammonia Technology Roadmap. https://www.iea.org/reports/ammonia-technology-roadmap/executive-summary. 100. Hussain, J., Mubarak, M., Boopathi, D., & Jayabal, R. (2025). A comprehensive review of production and utilisation of ammonia as potential fuel for compression ignition engines. Next Sustainability, 5, 100116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxsust.2025.100116. 101. Adeniyi, A., Bello, I., Mukaila, T., Sarker, N., & Hammed, A. (2023). Trends in biological ammonia production. Trends in Biological Ammonia Production, 12(2), 41. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202304.0543.v1. 102. Ibid. 103. Spry, M., Westhead, O., Tort, R., Moss, B., et al. (2023). Water increases the faradaic selectivity of Li-mediated nitrogen reduction. ACS Energy Letters, 8(2), pp. 1230-1235. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.2c02792. 104. Fu, X. (2023). Lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction for electrochemical ammonia synthesis: From batch to flow reactor. Materials Today Catalysis, 3, 100031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcata.2023.100031. 105. Zhou, Y., Fu, X., Chorkendorff, I., & Nørskov, J. K. (2024). Electrochemical Ammonia Synthesis: The energy efficiency challenge. ACS Energy Letters, 10(1), pp. 128-132. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.4c02954. 106. International Energy Agency (IEA). (n.d.). Critical Minerals. https://www.iea.org/topics/critical-minerals. 107. Masia, B., Yang, M., & Cozzani, V. (2024). Risk assessment of ammonia fueled ships: Consequences on human health of ammonia releases from damaged fuel storage tanks. ACS Chemical Health & Safety, 31(6), pp. 503-520. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.4c00044. 108. Wyer, K. E., Kelleghan, D. B., Blanes-Vidal, V., Schauberger, G., & Curran, T. P . (2022). Ammonia emissions from agriculture and their contribution to fine particulate matter: A review of implications for human health. Journal of Environmental Management, 323, 116285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116285. 109. International Energy Agency (IEA). (n.d.) Ammonia Technology Roadmap: Towards more sustainable nitrogen fertilizer production. https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/6ee41bb9-8e81-4b64-8701-2acc064ff6e4/ AmmoniaTechnologyRoadmap.pdf. Top 10 Emerging Technologies of 2025 46
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