Engage partners and related industries to scale up operations A robust and collaborative ecosystem is crucial for scaling autonomous vehicle deployments beyond pilot projects. As depicted in Tables 1 and 2, collaboration with related industries is crucial for success. This includes not only cooperation across the tech stack to streamline development and avoid duplication but also partnerships with industries, such as insurance and urban planning. Scaling autonomy isn’t just about technology – it is about building the right ecosystem. This includes integrating digital platforms, charging and fleet operations. Noah Zych, Global GM, Autonomous Mobility & Delivery, UberPolicy and regulatory efforts to advance vehicle autonomy (regional examples are not comprehensive)TABLE 3 Source: Authors, based on public information from Chinese Ministry of Public Security, California Public Utilities Commission, United States White House, EU Commission, UK Government, German BMDV and press research.What’s needed United States Europe China Advanced progress/support Moderate progress/support Development areas Test frameworks Align on predictive and unified test frameworks across regionsIndividual states provide test grounds, but no federal alignment is currently availableSmall individual test programmes (e.g., HEAT project with one vehicle in Hamburg), no cross- Europe alignmentCentralized AV pilot programme with 20 cities, 32,000 km of assigned roads and 16,000 issued vehicle licences Homologation criteriaDefine clear technical standards for AV performance and safetyManufacturers self-certify compliance; guidelines by NHTSA but federal homologation criteria are pendingTechnical standards developed by bodies such as the European Commission, implementation still country drivenA unified technical framework for performance and safety standards is under development Incentives Provide incentives, such as tax breaks and pilot project fundingLimited incentives for pilot schemes by, for example, California Mobility Center and USDOT ($60 million in 2018)Various small funds to incentivize AV programmes, such as €290 million distributed among 70 projects in GermanyFederal subsidies for pilot schemes in, for example, Shenzhen and Guangzhou to support AV fleet deployment Industrial policies Foster ecosystem with domestic manufacturing and infrastructureCHIPS Act allocates $52.7 billion to boost domestic semiconductor industry, yet few dedicated federal AV investmentsThrough Horizon Europe, European Commission invests €500 million in R&D initiatives for connected, automated mobilityHeavy investment in V2X infrastructure, HD mapping of cities and domestic manufacturing Data regulations Foster purposeful data sharing and enforce cybersecurityTransparent incident reporting in California, voluntarily reporting to NHTSA; data privacy and cybersecurity fragmentedData privacy and cybersecurity core to regulations (e.g., UK AV Act, GDPR), but no transparent incident reportingMandatory reporting of incidents to MIIT but low transparency; strict data collection and storage laws (PIPL law) Liability frameworks Define responsibility for system failures and during takeoversProduct liability framework covers AVs, yet legal debate about product versus operator liability ongoingLiability governed by existing frameworks, such as product liability or Motor Insurance DirectiveLiability is primarily assigned to operator; in case of a technical defect to the manufacturer Urban planning integrationDesignate AV lanes and pick-up zones, and include AVs in ITS systemsLimited dedicated infrastructure for AVs, few localized efforts to integrate AVs in transportation systemsSome dedicated infrastructure, such as pick-up zones; EU push for integrating AVs in cooperative intelligent transport systemsTesting AV lanes, pick-up zones and extensive V2X-enabled smart transportation systems Autonomous Vehicles: Timeline and Roadmap Ahead 20

Autonomous Vehicles 2025