Annex Glossary Key terms TABLE 10 Key terms Definition Climate-focused treatment A medical intervention tailored to conditions exacerbated by climate change Cover cropping Planting crops not for harvesting, but to protect and improve the soil in fallow periods Excess deaths A measure of the increase in the number of deaths during a time period and/or in a certain group, as compared to the expected value Presenteeism Individuals “present” at work but performing at below-usual levels of productivity due to illness Smallholder farmers Small-scale producers who operate under a small-scale agricultural model Vector-borne diseasesIllnesses caused by parasites, viruses and bacteria that are transmitted by vectors such as mosquitoes and ticks Zoonotic diseases Infectious diseases that have jumped from a non-human animal to humans –may be bacterial, viral or parasitic Methodology for selecting interventions The interventions identified across each sector were chosen from a wider longlist of interventions, developed through an extensive literature review and consultations with a range of Forum partners, BCG topic experts and stakeholders affiliated with the Forum’s Climate and Health Initiative (including but not limited to academia, non-governmental organizations and corporations). All public contributors are included in the acknowledgements to this report. The listed interventions per sector were prioritized through reference to the following factors: degree of health-protective impact, cost of implementation, feasibility of implementation, breadth of accessibility for business, time to delivery of positive impact, and ROI for businesses. There are likely to be additional or more specific interventions not discussed in this report that businesses should consider pursuing, depending on the specific climate-health risks and opportunities they face. Methodology for modelling This report models the economic cost of lost output due to climate-driven worker illness and death between 2025 and 2050 across three sectors: health and healthcare, food and agriculture, and the built environment. The insurance sector was excluded from this analysis due to minimal direct exposure of the sector’s workforce to climate-health risks. The analysis covers seven major health risks exacerbated by climate change: heat-related disease and mortality, dengue, malaria, diarrheal diseases, nutritional deficiencies/malnutrition, ozone-related illness and death, and illness and death from particulate matter. Other conditions mentioned in the report were not modelled due to the limited availability of data. 1. Health impacts: For each health risk, projected climate-driven deaths and disease incidence rates were sourced from scientific literature and scaled to represent those experienced by the global working-age population. Sector- specific impacts were allocated proportionally based on employment share and sourced from the International Labour Organization (ILO). Total DALYs were estimated by applying the ratio of deaths/disease incidence to Building Economic Resilience to the Health Impacts of Climate Change 41

Building Economic Resilience to the Health Impacts of Climate Change 2025