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Five workshops were also organized, two of which were specifically tailored for regulators. 13. Schmidt, J., et al. (2024, August 27). Mapping the regulatory landscape for artificial intelligence in health within the European Union. npj digital medicine 7, 229. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-024-01221-6 14. World Health Organization (WHO). (2023, October 19). Regulatory considerations on artificial intelligence for health. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240078871 15. The team acknowledge that the scrutiny and hesitancy are not an AI-specific phenomenon and are equally relevant to other areas of innovation in health, such as pharmaceuticals and medical technologies. 16. For example, DeepMind partnered with the Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust in 2016 only to discover later that DeepMind had accessed identifiable patient records without proper tracking mechanisms. 17. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2021, June 28). Tools for trustworthy AI: A framework to compare implementation tools for trustworthy AI systems. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/tools-for-trustworthy- ai_008232ec-en.html 18. HealthAI. (2024). Mapping AI governance in health: From global regulatory alignments to LMICs’ policy developments, 32. https://clias.iecs.org.ar/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/HealthAI_GlobalLandscapeReport_Oct.2024.pdf 19. Ibid., 22. 20. Busch, F., et al. (2024, August 12). Navigating the European Union Artificial Intelligence Act for Healthcare. npj digital medicine 7, 210. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-024-01213-6 21. van Kessel, R., et al. (2025). A scoping review and expert consensus on digital determinants of health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/bulletin/online-first/blt.24.292057. pdf?sfvrsn=125e259_3 22. The United Nations emphasizes that “effective governance should leverage existing institutions that will have to review their current functions in light of the impact of AI”. See HealthAI. (2024). Mapping AI governance in health: From global regulatory alignments to LMICs’ policy developments, 32. https://clias.iecs.org.ar/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/HealthAI_ GlobalLandscapeReport_Oct.2024.pdf Endnotes Earning Trust for AI in Health: A Collaborative Path Forward 19

Earning Trust for AI in Health 2025