Models of cooperation for a multi-speed, multidimensional transition TABLE 15 Note: COP28 = the 28th annual Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC); ASEAN = Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Source: World Economic Forum. Source: World Economic Forum.4.3 Growth and competitiveness in energy systems Growth and competitiveness in energy systems – key takeaways BOX 10 Clean energy investment must triple to $5.6 trillion annually by 2030 to stay on track for net zero100 – essential for a scalable, investable transition.Unlocking this capital requires three strategic shifts – mobilizing finance fast, diversifying portfolios and improving clean tech bankability.Deployment relies on policy-market alignment, stronger accountability and financing tools to unlock capital.The energy transition is an economic opportunity – but must be market- driven, scalable and cost-competitive.Format Purpose StructureAccountability and execution Prototype example Global, multilateral frameworksSetting shared direction and ambitionInclusive, multilateral negotiationsVoluntary commitments and review mechanismsCOP28 Global Stocktake, net-zero 2050 pledges Regional cooperation and leadership coalitionsTranslating global targets and national energy goals into regionally tailored roadmaps and collaborationsRegion-specific intergovernmental collaboration or alliances with flexible membershipsRegional scorecards, joint infrastructure, funding pools, sharing of best practicesAfrican Green Hydrogen Alliance, ASEAN Ministerial Meetings, ASEAN power grid cooperation Mixed-performance platformsSupporting just transition, reducing transition divideCross-country partnerships based on complementary capabilitiesBilateral or multilateral memoranda of understanding (MoU) with joint investment/technical assistanceUnited Arab Emirates and Africa’s clean energy financing and project development partnerships Thematic alliances Coordinating action around technologies or supply chains (e.g. CCUS, green hydrogen)Industry- or issue-specific groups across regions and stakeholder typesPerformance metrics tied to shared innovation and trade frameworksClean Energy Ministerial, Critical Minerals Club Execution hubs Bridging ambition- delivery gap, supporting bankability and scalabilityMultistakeholder consortia – international financial institutions (IFIs), private sector, public sector, philanthropistsCo-financing, blended finance models, project pipeline trackingGlobal Infrastructure Facility, Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL’s) Universal Energy Facility Fostering Effective Energy Transition 2025 45