ETI model framework (continued) TABLE 19 Note: USc/kwh = US cents per kilowatt-hour; PPP = purchasing power parity; $/MWh = US dollar per megawatt hour; $/MMBTU = US dollar per metric million British thermal units; TPES = unit of total primary energy supply; MJ/$ = megajoules per unit of GDP in US dollars; GJ/capita = gigajoule per capita; t/capita = tonnes per capita; kgCO2/GJ = kilogram of carbon dioxide per gigajoule; MtCO2e/GJ = megatonnes of CO2 equivalent per gigajoule; $/tCO2 = US dollar per tonne of carbon dioxide. Source: World Economic Forum.Sub- dimension Indicator Definition Data sourcesEnabling factorsInnovation Innovative business environment (number)Average scores for survey scale questions assessing the degree to which companies adapt their business models to embrace risky or disruptive business ideas, the extent to which they participate in mutually beneficial collaboration on R&D, the extent to which new companies with innovative ideas grow and disrupt established firms, and the extent to which there is a culture of taking risks to pursue entrepreneurial projectsWorld Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey R&D as a share of GDP (%) R&D spend as a percentage of GDP , across business enterprises, government, higher education and private non-profit sectorsWorld Bank Diffusion of environment-related technologies (%)Ability to convert R&D investment into environmental innovation; captures a country’s capability to generate targeted environmental technologies from R&D efforts Measured as the number of inventions in a defined set of environmental technology areas (e.g. GHG capture, storage, sequestration and disposal, climate change mitigation) as a share of total environment-related inventions (environmental management, water-related adaptation, climate mitigation), normalized by total R&D spendingOECD Education and human capitalJobs in low-carbon industries (%) Share of industrial employment in low-carbon jobs relative to total population, indicating workforce shift to sustainable sectors Low-carbon sectors including: solar PV, wind, biogas, biofuels, geothermal, hydropower, ocean energy, waste-to-energy, concentrated solar power and solar heating/coolingInternational Renewable Energy Agency, World Bank Labour market competitiveness (number)Average score of scaled survey questions on local skilled labour availability, education system quality and systems’ ability to teach digital and technological skillsWorld Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey Global Talent Competitiveness Index (number)A country’s ability to attract, develop, and retain talent, as measured by the Global Talent Competitiveness Index average scores for mid- level and high-level skillsINSEAD Fostering Effective Energy Transition 2025 57