From Minerals to Megawatts 2025

ET&D infrastructure component breakdown by mineral (kg per grid km) FIGURE 5 Total minerals and metals mass per km ET&D grid length (2035): ~9,000-12,000 kg Value chain contribution to global demand of minerals and metals (2035) V 29%Cu 17.9%Li 7.4%C 4.5%AI 5%Zn 2.9%Fe 1.3%PO 0.4%Si 0.1%Battery energy storage ~5-10% of minerals and metals used in ET&D Vanadium ~700 Graphite ~20 ~200 Iron ~1,500 ~200 ~150 Aluminium ~600 ~60 ~150 Copper ~80 ~100 Phosphorus ~300 ~70 Lithium ~20 Silicon ~100 High (>50%) Moderate (10-50%) Low (1-10%) Negligible (<1%)MineralsRedox flow Sodium ion LFP Electricity cables ~20-30% of minerals and metals used in ET&D Transmission/distribution lines (overhead and underground) Aluminium ~1,200 ~700-~1,700 Copper ~500-~2,500 Iron ~500 ~400Minerals Transmission DistributionSubstations and transformers ~25-27% of minerals and metals used in ET&D Transformers, switchgear and circuit breakers, busbars and connectors, yard structures Aluminium ~10 Electrical steel ~1,300 Copper ~750 Iron ~890 Zinc <1Towers and poles ~40-50% of minerals and metals used in ET&D Aluminium ~510 ~450 Zinc ~102 ~50 Iron ~1,200 ~2,700Minerals Poles Towers Notes: Figures are normalized to kg/km: lines from typical conductor sizes and spans; substations/transformers apportioned by asset density per km; civil works excluded Sources: Bloomberg, IEA, OEMs and Kearney analysis From Minerals to Megawatts: Building Resilience for EVs, Data Centres and Power Grids 12