23 Benveniste, M. (2025). LS GreenLink Breaks Ground on $680 Million Cable Manufacturing Facility. Retrieved from Construct Connect: https://news.constructconnect.com/ls-greenlink-breaks-ground-on-680-million-cable- manufacturing-facility 24 Nucor announced the Decatur, Alabama, tower plant in 2023 and is scheduled to begin production in 2025 25 Transformers Magazine. (2024). Quantifying global power transformer demand and supply amid accelerated grid modernization. Retrieved from https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/479566 26 World Economic Forum. (2023, December). Securing Minerals for the Energy Transition. Retrieved from World Economic Forum: https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Securing_Minerals_for_the_Energy_Transition_2023.pdf; World Economic Forum. (2024, September). Securing Minerals for the Energy Transition: Unlocking the Value Chain through Policy, Investment and Innovation. Retrieved from World Economic Forum: https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Securing_ Minerals_for_the_Energy_Transition_2024.pdf 27 Manthey, E. (2022, September 22). Aluminium supply woes keep growing as China orders output cuts. Retrieved from ING: https://think.ing.com/articles/aluminium-supply-woes-keep-growing-as-china-orders-output-cuts/ 28 Jamasmie, C. (2024, November 13). MinRes halts Bald Hill mine amid lithium price rout. Retrieved from Mining.com: https://www.mining.com/minres-halts-bald-hill-mine-amid-lithium-price-rout/ 29 Obayashi, Y. (2025, October 15). Japan, Spain, South Korea warn over unsustainable copper processing fees. Retrieved from Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/japan-spain-south-korea-warn-over-unsustainable-copper- processing-fees-2025-10-15/ 30 Blackwood, M., & DeFilippo, C. (2024, March). Germanium and Gallium: U.S. Trade and Chinese Export Controls. Retrieved from US International Trade Commission: https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/executive_briefings/ebot_ germanium_and_gallium.pdf 31 Hoskins, P ., & Bicker, L. (2025, October 9). China tightens export rules for crucial rare earths. Retrieved from BBC: https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckgzl0nwvd7o 32 Guberman, D., Schreiber, S., & Perry, A. (2024, February). Export Restrictions on Minerals and Metals: Indonesia’s Export Ban of Nickel. Retrieved from U.S. International Trade Commission: Office of Industry and Competitiveness Analysis: https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/working_papers/ermm_indonesia_export_ban_of_nickel.pdf 33 IEA. (2025, September 9). Temporary suspension of cobalt export from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from IEA: https://www.iea.org/policies/28969-temporary-suspension-of-cobalt-export-from-the-democratic-republic-of- congo 34 Aquino, M. (2024, December 20). Copper giant Peru foresees another production plateau in 2025. Retrieved from Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/copper-giant-peru-foresees-another-production- plateau-2025-2024-12-20/ 35 European Commission. (2025, March 25). Selected strategic projects (under the CRMA). Retrieved from European Commission: https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/sectors/raw-materials/areas-specific-interest/critical-raw- materials/strategic-projects-under-crma/selected-projects_en 36 US Department of Energy - Loan Programs Office. (2024, October). Thacker Pass. Retrieved from U.S. Department of Energy: https://www.energy.gov/lpo/thacker-pass 37 IEA. (2024). Recycling of Critical Minerals. Retrieved from IEA: https://www.iea.org/reports/recycling-of-critical-minerals 38 IEA. (2025). Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025. Retrieved from IEA: https://www.iea.org/reports/global-critical- minerals-outlook-2025 39 Aluminium, cobalt, copper, gallium, germanium, graphite, gold, iron, lead, lithium, magnesium, manganese, nickel, phosphates, REEs, silver, tantalum, tin and zinc 40 National Infrastructure Advisory Council. (2024). Addressing the Critical Shortage of Power Transformers to Ensure Reliability of the U.S. Grid. Retrieved from Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency: https://www.cisa.gov/sites/ default/files/2024-09/NIAC_Addressing%20the%20Critical%20Shortage%20of%20Power%20Transformers%20to%20 Ensure%20Reliability%20of%20the%20U.S.%20Grid_Report_06112024_508c_pdf_0.pdf 41 Government of Canada. (2022, November 2). Government of Canada orders the divestiture of investments by foreign companies in Canadian critical minerals companies. Retrieved from Investment Canada Act: https://www.canada.ca/en/ innovation-science-economic-development/news/2022/10/government-of-canada-orders-the-divestiture-of-investments- by-foreign-companies-in-canadian-critical-mineral-companies.html 42 UNCTAD. (2024, February). Navigating troubled waters: Impact to global trade of disruption of shipping routes in the Red Sea, Black Sea and Panama Canal. Retrieved from UNCTAD: https://unctad.org/publication/navigating-troubled-waters- impact-global-trade-disruption-shipping-routes-red-sea-black 43 Teck Resources. (2023). Quebrada Blanca Phase 2. Retrieved from Teck Resources: https://www.teck.com/operations/ chile/projects/quebrada-blanca-phase-2/qb2-highlights 44 S&P Global. (2025, September 4). Simandou iron ore project: A game changer for global supply. Retrieved from S&P Global Market Intelligence: https://www.spglobal.com/market-intelligence/en/news-insights/research/2025/09/simandou- iron-ore-project-a-game-changer-for-global-supply 45 BHP . (2024, September 30). BHP Insights: How copper will shape our future. Retrieved from BHP: https://www.bhp. com/news/bhp-insights/2024/09/how-copper-will-shape-our-future From Minerals to Megawatts: Building Resilience for EVs, Data Centres and Power Grids 37

From Minerals to Megawatts 2025