From Minerals to Megawatts 2025

46 Reuters. (2025, August 14). South32 threatens to shut Mozal smelter as power talks drag on. Retrieved from Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/south32-threatens-shut-mozal-smelter-power-talks-drag-2025-08-13/ 47 S&P Global. (2025, April 11). From 6 years to 18 years: The increasing trend of mine lead times. Retrieved from S&P Global Market Intelligence: https://www.spglobal.com/market-intelligence/en/news-insights/research/from-6years-to- 18years-the-increasing-trend-of-mine-lead-times 48 Benson, E., & Thibault, D. (2023, October 23). China’s New Graphite Restrictions. Retrieved from CSIS: https://www. csis.org/analysis/chinas-new-graphite-restrictions 49 World Economic Forum. (2024, December). Beyond Cost: Country Readiness for the Future of Manufacturing and Supply Chains. Retrieved from World Economic Forum: https://reports.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Beyond_Cost_2024.pdf 50 Aluminium, cobalt, copper, lithium, nickel, and REEs 51 Mukherjee, S., Banga, R., LaFleur, M., & Gu, B. (2025). Recycling of energy transition critical minerals from waste and scrap: accelerating the journey to a greener future. Frontier Technology Issues. New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs From Minerals to Megawatts: Building Resilience for EVs, Data Centres and Power Grids 38