Total minerals and metals mass in passenger EVs: ~900-1000kg Value chain contribution to global demand of minerals and metals (2035) Li Co C REEs Ni Mg Cu Ta AI Zn Ag Mn PO Si Fe Pb Au 86% 55% 36% 33% 28% 25% 10% 8% 7% 5% 3% 2% 2% 2% 2% 1% 1%EV wiring and power electronics ~3-4% of minerals and metals used in EV Copper ~27 Aluminium ~3 Gold <0.1 Silicon <0.1 Silver <0.1 Tin ~0.2 Tantalum <0.1 Lithium ~8 ~8 ~8 ~8 Cobalt ~5 ~10 ~5 ~20 Nickel ~40 ~30 ~20 Manganese ~5 ~15 ~80 ~20 Iron ~40 ~25 Phosphorus ~20 ~10EV battery pack ~30-40% of minerals and metals used in EV Graphite ~40 Silicon ~1 Aluminium ~30 Copper ~20 Steel ~20 Plug-in hybrid EV (leveraging lead-acid battery) Lead ~12EV motor ~2-4% of minerals and metals used in EV Rare earths ~0.7 Steel ~20 Copper ~7 Aluminium ~1.4 Structure (chassis and body) ~50-65% of minerals and metals used in EV Steel ~385 Aluminium ~145 Magnesium ~8 Zinc ~12Cathode chemistry High nickel Low/mid nickel High manganeseLFP Sodium-ion High (>50%) Moderate (10-50%) Low (1-10%) Negligible (<1%)EV component breakdown by mineral (kgs per vehicle) FIGURE 3 Note: Based on average EV battery size in 2024 of 60 kilowatt-hour (kWh); percentage value refers only to the mass of metals and minerals and not the total vehicle mass. Sources: S&P Global, ICCT,4 IEA5 and Kearney analysis From Minerals to Megawatts: Building Resilience for EVs, Data Centres and Power Grids 8

From Minerals to Megawatts 2025