On an industry level, as shown in Figure 1.4, sectors with a high degree of dependence on global supply chains, such as Automotive and Aerospace (46%), and Mining and Metals (55%), expect industry transformation driven by trade restrictions. By contrast, industries with less exposure to global markets, such as Education, are less focused on this trend, with fewer than 14% of surveyed employers seeing trade restrictions as disruptive. Mining and Metals, Advanced Manufacturing, and Oil and Gas anticipate industry transformation stemming from increased government subsidies and industrial policies, with, respectively, 31%, 33%, and 40% of employers across these industries citing these factors; whereas more domestic-focused sectors such as Accommodation, Food, and Leisure expect minimal impact from such policies. The broader implications of geoeconomic fragmentation extend beyond individual business strategies to long-term economic stability and growth, and limit multilateral cooperation on critical issues such as climate change and pandemic preparedness.24 Share of employers surveyed (%)0 30 40 50 60 70 80 20 10 Canada Republic of Korea Malaysia Saudi Arabia Singapore Egypt Malaysia Nigeria Singapore ThailandUzbekistan Indonesia Republic of Korea Malaysia Singapore Viet NamGeoeconomic trends, by economy FIGURE 1.3 Source World Economic Forum, Future of Jobs Survey 2024.Increased restrictions to global trade and investment Increased government subsidies and industrial policy/uni00A0 Increased geopolitical division and conﬂicts Exposure to China and US Exposure to China Exposure to US Exposure to neither China nor US Share of employers surveyed that expect the stated geoeconomic trend to transform their business. Future of Jobs Report 2025 14