2.2 Ocean and land use change The most significant potential impact of offshore wind is the change in ocean and land use. The construction of bottom-fixed wind turbines can result in temporary or permanent changes in seabed structure and habitat loss for marine species. Construction and operations during sensitive seasons can also alter the habitats on which species depend for breeding, feeding and resting, therefore altering their behaviours.84 Additionally, understanding how seabird species react to offshore wind farms varies across offshore wind markets and technologies. Studies show that responses range from complete avoidance to attraction. Attraction to wind turbine blades and grid transmission may increase the risk of collision, while avoidance may lead to displacement.85,86 In addition to birds, offshore infrastructure can hinder the movement and routes of migratory marine species.87 While there is still much to understand about these impacts, it is clear that they must be considered across the offshore wind project life cycle. Careful spatial planning led by governments and mitigation measures taken by developers (such as blade visibility, bird deterrence, and slow- down or shutdown during migration/spawning seasons of bird and marine species) can minimize negative impacts.88 On the other hand, the hard substrate from offshore wind foundations can generate new habitats for marine organisms. Studies have shown an increase in the abundance of invertebrates, such as mussels, oysters and crabs around wind turbines, which in turn attract predator fish and marine mammals.89,90,91 Furthermore, when bottom trawling is not permitted in offshore wind areas, the refuge effect for marine life is enhanced. If managed responsibly, these zones can serve as important spawning and nursery grounds.92,93 According to DNV’s Spatial Competition Forecast, the amount of ocean space occupied by installations will grow five-fold by 2050, primarily driven by offshore wind.94 The area occupied by fixed offshore wind will grow from about 9,000 square kilometres (km2) in 2023 to about 242,000 km2 by 2050. Meanwhile, floating offshore wind will grow from a low 15 km2 in 2023 to more than 33,000 km2 by 2050. Therefore, it is vital to ensure that these areas contribute to the overall health of marine populations. With much attention having been placed on the impact of direct operations, it is also worth considering the impact that offshore wind can have on land and sea use through its supply chain. This is mostly land clearance and soil erosion from mining for minerals,95 as well as sediment suspension and habitat disruption due to dredging,96 which are needed for offshore wind components and structures. The impact of upgrading or extending ports’ infrastructure or building new port terminals to serve offshore wind development should also be considered. These activities should be managed responsibly to create economic opportunities without placing further pressure on natural ecosystems. The hard substrate from offshore wind foundations can generate new habitats for marine organisms. 21 Nature Positive: Role of the Offshore Wind Sector

Nature Positive Role of the Offshore Wind Sector