City of Ashland – Greenhouse Gas Inventory (2011 – 2015) 16 Consumption of Goods and Food Consumption-based GHG emissions are produced outside of Ashland to manufacture and transport products and services to meet local consumption of goods. As was previously noted, Ashland’s industrial energy use is small and there isn’t any significant agriculture within the City limits. Therefor, it is reasonable to assume that the Ashland community (i.e. businesses within Ashland city limits) does not locally produce a significant portion of the goods and food it consumes. Instead it relies almost entirely on imported goods, food, and energy products to meet the community’s needs. As can be seen in Figure 12, the scale of consumption-based emissions as a category is large relative to Ashland’s sector-based emissions. Consumption-based emissions are also large for City Operations (presented in the next section). While these emissions are large, they are “indirect” emissions and not under the same level of community control as the local, sector-based emissions. For example, the Ashland community could change local development codes to increase the energy efficiency of built space to address residential or commercial energy emissions. The Ashland community does not have a same ability to influence production efficiencies or fuel choices for imported goods and services. The consumption-based emissions are split into four high-level categories in Oregon’s Carbon Calculator, which include4: • Household Goods: Emissions from extraction, manufacture, and transportation of raw materials into final products such as construction, automobile, furniture, clothing, and other goods. • Household Food: Emissions from agricultural (energy for irrigation, production of fertilizers, methane emissions from livestock, etc.), transportation of raw materials and finished products emissions. Categories included are cereal, dairy, meat, produce, and other foods. • City Government Consumption: Emissions from the production of goods (as described above) and some services purchased in the course of City operations.5 • Energy (Fuel Production): Process and energy emissions from the extraction and production into usable fuel products (e.g. electricity from household outlets, gasoline pumped into cars, natural gas combusted by furnaces, etc.). These upstream emissions are considered at the community-scale for electricity, natural gas, gasoline, diesel, propane, and fuel oil. In 2011 – 2015, the largest source of consumption-based emissions for Ashland – household consumption of goods and services - remains relatively stable, increasing by only 1% over the period. Fuel production emissions for the energy consumed in Ashland decreased by -11% as a result of increased availability of hydropower on the regional electricity grid, The Northwest Power Pool, as well as decreased demand for residential electricity and natural gas and commercial natural gas. City Government consumption represents only a small fraction of Ashland’s consumption-based emissions. 4 Please note, services are also included as a category in Oregon’s Carbon Calculator. They are not included here because they are assumed to be equal to commercial energy use and therefore would represent double counting. 5 Note: These supply chain emissions are presented in detail in the next Section of this report, specifically Figure 13. For the community purposes of including these emissions in the community inventory, energy and community services emissions are excluded to avoid double counting.

Climate and Energy Action Plan (CEAP)