From Wildfire Risk to Resilience The Investment Case for Action 2026

Endnotes 1. Goldman, E., Carter, S. & Sims, M. (2025). Fires Drove Record-breaking Tropical Forest Loss in 2024.  World Resources Institute. https://gfr.wri.org/latest-analysis-deforestation-trends. 2. Swiss Re Institute. (2025, 16 December). 2025 marks sixth year insured natural catastrophe losses exceed USD 100 billion, finds Swiss Re Institute [Press release]. https://mailing-ircockpit.eqs.com/crm-mailing/a21e80ec-571e-1015- b4d5-273805d60f5f/7e94e63f-40f9-4173-b70d-c354db2f89be/2074afa3-12d4-4e52-9044-7cbebf24c732/SRI_ FY2025+nat+cat+estimates_PR_EN.pdf. 3. Headwaters Economics. (2025). Building wildfire-resistant homes after disasters will save billions. https://headwaterseconomics.org/natural-hazards/wildfire/building-wildfire-resistant-homes-after-disasters-will-save-billions/. 4. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2022). Spreading like Wildfire: The Rising Threat of Extraordinary Landscape Fires. A UNEP Rapid Response Assessment. https://www.unep.org/resources/report/spreading-wildfire- rising-threat-extraordinary-landscape-fires. 5. National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). (2020). Mitigation Saves: Mitigation Saves up to $13 per $1 invested (Overview fact sheet). https://www.nibs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/ms_v4_overview.pdf. 6. US Chamber of Commerce, Allstate and US Chamber of Commerce Foundation. (2025). Beyond the Payoff: How Investments in Resilience and Disaster Preparedness Protect Communities (Resilience Report 2025). https://www. uschamber.com/assets/documents/2025-Resilience-Report_BeyondThePayoff.pdf. 7. Jolly, W. et al. (2015). Climate-induced variations in global wildfire danger from 1979 to 2013. Nature Communications, vol. 6, no. 7537. https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms8537.pdf. 8. National Park Service. (2025). Wildfire causes and evaluations. https://www.nps.gov/articles/wildfire-causes-and- evaluation.htm. 9. Radeloff, V.C., et al. (2018). Rapid growth of the U.S. wildland-urban interface raises wildfire risk. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). https://www.fs.usda.gov/nrs/pubs/jrnl/2018/nrs_2018_radeloff_001.pdf. 10. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service and Rocky Mountain Research Station. (2025). Prescribed fire. https://research.fs.usda.gov/rmrs/fire/prescribed. 11. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). (n.d.). How Fire Spreads in the WUI (Hazard Mitigation Methodology #6). https://www.nist.gov/el/fire-research-division-73300/wildland-urban-interface-fire-73305/hazard- mitigation-methodology-6. 12. Gritzo, L. (2024). Mitigating social and economic impact of wildfires. Applications in Energy and Combustion Science, vol. 20, no. 100285. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666352X24000402?via%3Dihub. 13. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2025). Durations of Smoke Exposure. https://www.epa.gov/wildfire-smoke- course/durations-smoke-exposure. 14. Abernethy-Cannella, K., Brown, J., Sleiman, C., and Jackson, A. (2025). Public safety power shutoffs in wildfire mitigation plans (PNNL Report No. PNNL-SA-216543). Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. https://www.pnnl.gov/sites/default/ files/media/file/Public%20Safety%20Power%20Shutoffs%20in%20WMPs.pdf. 15. Deak, A. (2023). Post-fire erosion control: Mitigating hillslope erosion following a wildfire (Forest Factsheets). University of California Cooperative Extension. https://ucanr.edu/?legacy-file=406509.pdf&legacy-file-path=sites%2Ffire%2Ffiles%2F . 16. US Geological Survey (n.d.). Postfire debris-flow hazards. https://www.usgs.gov/programs/landslide-hazards/science/ postfire-debris-flow-hazards. 17. Gritzo, L.A. (2024). Mitigating social and economic impact of wildfires. Applications in Energy and Combustion Science, vol. 20, no. 100285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2024.100285. 18. Aon. (2025). Climate and Catastrophe Insight. https://assets.aon.com/-/media/files/aon/reports/2025/2025-climate- catastrophe-insight.pdf. 19. Samborska, V. and Ritchie, H. (2024). Wildfires. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/wildfires. 20. World Resources Institute (WRI). (2025, 20 May). Global Forest Loss Shatters Records in 2024, Fueled by Massive Fires [Press release]. https://www.wri.org/news/release-global-forest-loss-shatters-records-2024-fueled-massive- fires. 21. European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC). (2025). Current wildfire situation in Europe. https://joint-research- centre.ec.europa.eu/projects-and-activities/natural-and-man-made-hazards/fires/current-wildfire-situation-europe_en. 22. Thayer, K. & MacCarthy, J. (2025). 5 Graphics Explain the Climate-Fire Feedback Loop. World Resources Institute (WRI). https://www.wri.org/insights/climate-fire-feedback-loop-explained. 23. Li, Q., et al. (2024). Climate change leads to an expansion of global drought-sensitive area. Journal of Hydrology, vol. 632, no. 130874. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022169424002683. 24. Samborska, V. and Ritchie, H. (2024). Wildfires. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/wildfires. 25. World Meteorological Organization (WMO). (2025). Carbon dioxide levels increase by record amount to new highs in 2024. https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/carbon-dioxide-levels-increase-record-amount-new-highs-2024. From Wildfire Risk to Resilience: The Investment Case for Action 30