Rethinking Media Literacy 2025

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23. UNESCO & Ipsos. (2023). Survey on the impact of online disinformation and hate speech. https://www.unesco.org/sites/ default/files/medias/fichiers/2023/11/unesco_ipsos_survey.pdf 24. Newsham, J. (2025, May 27). AI hallucinations in court documents are a growing problem, and data shows lawyers are responsible for many of the errors. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/increasing-ai-hallucinations-fake- citations-court-records-data-2025-5 25. UNESCO. (2019). Global standards for media and information literacy curricula development guidelines. https://www. unesco.org/sites/default/files/medias/files/2022/02/Global%20Standards%20for%20Media%20and%20Information%20 Literacy%20Curricula%20Development%20Guidelines_EN.pdf 26. Techniques on how to build psychological resistance and reduce susceptibility to manipulation. 27. UNESCO. (2020, November 30). Lifeskills training on financial literacy and basic business management skills for ALS learners. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/lifeskills-training-financial-literacy-and-basic-business-management-skills-als-learners 28. UNESCO. (2024). Operational guidelines: Constructing UNESCO Media and Information Literacy Cities. https://unesdoc. unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000391748 29. UNESCO. (2021, February 2). Network of youth organisations in south east Europe adopts MIL policies. https://www. unesco.org/en/articles/network-youth-organisations-south-east-europe-adopts-mil-policies 30. UNESCO. (2024). Mapping of media and information literacy initiatives in Ibero-America – 2023. https://unesdoc.unesco. org/ark:/48223/pf0000390030_eng 31. United Nations. (2024). United Nations Global Principles For Information Integrity. https://www.un.org/en/information- integrity/global-principles 32. United Nations. (2021). Our common agenda – Report of the Secretary-General. https://www.un.org/en/common-agenda 33. Actors who have a high outreach and can multiply their impact, e.g. content creators. 34. Coordinated deception that mimics grassroots behaviour to manipulate public opinion while hiding the true origins of the user (e.g. a fake account in which someone pretends to be a national from one country complaining about a domestic issue, but actually hails from a different country). 35. UK Government. (2023). Online Safety Act 2023. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2023/50 36. Australian Government. (2021). Online Safety Bill 2021. https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_ LEGislation/Bills_Search_Results/Result?bId=r6680 37. European Union. (2022). Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 October 2022 on a single market for digital services and amending directive 2000/31/EC (Digital Services Act). Official Journal of the European Union, L 277, 1–102. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2022/2065/oj 38. European Commission. (2024, November 26). Very large online platforms and search engines to publish first risk assessment and audit reports under the Digital Services Act [Press release]. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/ very-large-online-platforms-and-search-engines-publish-first-risk-assessment-and-audit-reports 39. European Commission. (n.d.) Welcome to the DSA Transparency Database! Retrieved June 6, 2025, from https:// transparency.dsa.ec.europa.eu/?lang=en 40. Ofcom. (2024, October 7). Ofcom’s three-year media literacy strategy. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/media-use-and- attitudes/media-literacy/ofcoms-three-year-media-literacy-strategy 41. Department of Science, Innovation and Technology. (2025, May 8). Draft statement of strategic priorities for online safety. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/draft-statement-of-strategic-priorities-for-online-safety/draft-statement-of- strategic-priorities-for-online-safety 42. UNESCO. (2024, November 26). 2/3 of digital content creators do not check their facts before sharing, but want to learn how to do so (UNESCO survey) [Press release]. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/2/3-digital-content-creators-do-not- check-their-facts-sharing-want-learn-how-do-so-unesco-survey 43. Harlow, S. (Ed.). (2024). Content creators and journalists: Redefining news and credibility in the digital age. Knight Center for Journalism in the Americas. https://knightcenter.utexas.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Content-Creator-and- Journalists.pdf?utm_source=journalismcourses&utm_medium=download&utm_campaign=ebook_eng 44. UNESCO. (2024, November 26). 2/3 of digital content creators do not check their facts before sharing, but want to learn how to do so (UNESCO survey) [Press release]. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/2/3-digital-content-creators-do-not- check-their-facts-sharing-want-learn-how-do-so-unesco-survey. 45. Mioli, M. (2024, November 19). Free online course on influencers and journalists starts with 9,000 participants from 172 countries. Registration is still open! Knight Center for Journalism in the Americas. https://journalismcourses.org/free- online-course-on-influencers-and-journalists-starts-with-8000-participants-from-149-countries-registration-is-still-open/ 46. Abades-Barclay, F., & Banaji, S. (2024). LSE – Common Sense digital citizenship curriculum evaluation. Department of Media and Communication, London School of Economics. https://www.lse.ac.uk/News/News-Assets/PDFs/2024/LSE- %E2%80%94-Common-Sense-Digital-Citizenship-Curriculum-Evaluation-Report-high-res-web-version-V6.pdf 47. Poynter staff. (2023, October 25). Survey identifies media literacy skills gap amidst rise in AI-generated content. Poynter. https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/media-literacy/2023/adults-worry-misleading-ai-images-lack-media-literacy/ 48. TikTok. (2024). Edited media and AI-generated content (AIGC). https://www.tiktok.com/community-guidelines/en/ integrity-authenticity#3. Rethinking Media Literacy: A New Ecosystem Model for Information Integrity 43
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