The Executive%E2%80%99s Playbook on Earth Observation 2025

Introduction Earth observation refers to the collection of information on both natural phenomena and human activities on Earth, covering physical, chemical, biological and anthropogenic (human) systems. EO data is captured through a growing ecosystem of sensors, using both remote-sensing technologies and “in-situ” data sources. EO technologies by altitude FIGURE 1 13 87 Camera trap 14 Seismic and vibration sensor15Ocean-data buoy13 Light-based spectrometer17Acoustic sensor 16 Stratospheric balloon6 Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite1 Geostationary orbit (GEO) satellite2 Rotary drone3 High-altitude drones (fixed-wing UAVs)4 Crewed aircraft5 Air-quality monitor 9 Mobile phone7 Soil-moisture probe10Weather station8 Ground-based radar (aka LiDAR)12Water-quality sensor 119116 35 1014 16 1517 1212 4GROUND AIR SPACE Remote sensing involves detecting and monitoring an area or object by measuring its physical properties at a distance, acquiring data via airborne and spaceborne platforms such as satellites, piloted aircraft, high-altitude platform stations and drones.In-situ data is gathered through GPS-enabled devices, internet of things (IoT) sensors and a range of human-operated, automated and crowdsourced measurements. The Executive’s Playbook on Earth Observation: Strategic Insights for a Changing Planet 5