Technology Technology descriptionTechnology readiness level (TRL) TRL rationale Use cases Use case source(s) Direct separation Direct separation is a technology in cement production where CO2 from process emissions is captured by indirectly heating the limestone using a special calciner. This technology strips CO2 directly from the limestone, without mixing it with other combustion gases, thus considerably reducing energy costs related to gas separation.7 IEA, 2025. ETP Clean Energy Technology GuideFurno intends to produce zero-emission ordinary Portland cement. The company’s technology leverages oxyfuel combustion and a novel design to develop plants, providing the cement industry with agile, scalable, carbon- neutral, energy-efficient and less capital- intensive cement technology, enabling clients to have carbon-neutral technology.Furno, 2020. Furno: decarbonizing cement manufacturing with modular kilns Low-carbon aggregatesLow-carbon aggregates are a sustainable alternative to traditional aggregates used in concrete production. These aggregates are typically made from recycled materials such as crushed concrete, glass and ceramics, or from industrial by-products such as fly ash and slag. By using low-carbon aggregates, concrete producers can significantly reduce the carbon footprint of their operations while also promoting circular economy principles.4 IEA, 2025. ETP Clean Energy Technology GuideNeolithe is a developer of a fossilization technology designed to transform non- recycled, non-inert and non-hazardous waste that can be reused in the construction sector. The company’s technology offers a service for reclaiming the waste material produced either by recycling raw materials extracted, which enables more precise sorting of small-sized waste or an alternative to landfill or incineration and aims to transform the waste treatment sector, which is currently highly polluting, into a circular sector, by the transformation of waste into aggregate, enabling construction companies to utilize mineral granulates based on the fossilization of waste and reduce waste, traditional construction-associated CO2 emissions.Neolithe, 2019. Neolithe: fossilization of waste and carbon-negative aggregates Low-carbon clinker substitutesClinker is the chief component of conventional cement (known as ordinary Portland cement), causing it to harden when reacting with water. Substitute materials (supplementary cementitious materials, or SCMs) can be used to decrease clinker to cement ratio (on a mass basis). The most common substitutes today are fly ash from coal furnaces and blast furnace slag from the production of pig iron and steel.7 IEA, 2025. ETP Clean Energy Technology GuideCarbon Upcycling is a carbon-tech company intended to deliver technology to decarbonize hard-to-abate industries. The company’s patented technology permanently stores CO2 in industrial by-products and minerals, transforming them into high-performance alternative materials for cement and concrete, reducing the carbon impact of industrial processes and diverting industrial materials from landfills, enabling cement manufacturers to produce more sustainable products.Carbon Upcycling, 2014. Carbon upcycling: turning CO2 into advanced materials Low-carbon kilns The use of lower-carbon kilns includes using pre-calciners/pre-heaters, dry kilns, electric or hydrogen powered kilns, or electrochemical kilns.5 Deloitte analysis Dry process kilns are commercial, while hydrogen and electrified kilns are TRL 2 and 5, respectively.Fortera’s cement is made through the process of capturing industrial CO2 emissions from kilns and mineralizing it and provides improved performance characteristics compared to the traditional ones, enabling industries to lower the overall carbon footprint in construction.Fortera, 2010. Fortera: low-carbon cement innovation and manufacturing Turning Challenge into Opportunity: Supplier Voices from Heavy-Emitting Sectors 60

Turning Challenge into Opportunity 2025