Shipping Technology type Technology Technology descriptionTechnology readiness level (TRL) TRL rationale Use cases Use case source(s) Engine type Battery Redox flow batteries (RFBs)Flow batteries, also known as redox flow batteries, are a type of rechargeable battery that uses two separate liquid solutions, called electrolytes, to store energy chemically. The solutions are stored in tanks and the energy is generated by the movement of ions between the solutions through a membrane. Flow batteries have the potential to have a much larger energy storage capacity than traditional batteries.Stationary/ grid applications: 8-9 Maritime applications: 6Deloitte analysis Stationary/grid applications have been deployed and commercially available. Within maritime applications, technology is demonstrated in relevant environment, early prototypes and pilot projects.Conoship in the Netherlands and Vega Reederei in Germany are utilizing technology from Vanadium Corp in Canada to develop a next- generation redox flow battery stack. It will use a high energy-density vanadium electrolyte specifically formulated for marine applications.eMobility Engineering, 2024. Redox flow battery has ships in sight Hybrid electric propulsion systems: these combine conventional internal combustion engines (typically diesel or gas) with electric motors and energy storage, most commonly batteries. This integration enables vessels to operate using either the engine, the electric motor, or both, managed by an advanced energy management system (EMS).Lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion)Lithium-ion batteries are rechargeable energy storage devices that operate by moving lithium ions between a positive electrode (cathode) and a negative electrode (anode) through a liquid or gel electrolyte.9 Deloitte analysis Li-ion batteries are widely deployed in commercial marine vessels, from ferries to support ships. Li-ion batteries are the current workhorse for maritime electrification, suitable for short-sea shipping, ferries and hybrid vessels.A123 Systems has developed a range of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries optimized for marine transportation applications. A123’s marine LFP batteries feature advanced thermal management systems that maintain optimal operating temperatures even in challenging marine conditions. CATL has developed advanced LFP batteries specifically designed for marine applications. CATL’s LFP batteries for marine use feature enhanced thermal management systems to prevent overheating in confined spaces and utilize a proprietary cell design that increases energy density by up to 30% compared to traditional LFP cells. Corvus Energy offers a comprehensive range of marine battery energy storage and fuel cell systems. Many of the world’s first hybrid and electric-powered maritime vessels use a Corvus system, including the first all-electric fast ferry, the first hybrid cruise ship and the world’s largest fully electric lightweight Ro-Pax ferry.Eureka, 2024. Lithium iron phosphate battery applications in marine transportation Corvus Energy, 2024. Cruise and ferry segment overview Turning Challenge into Opportunity: Supplier Voices from Heavy-Emitting Sectors 62

Turning Challenge into Opportunity 2025