Turning Challenge into Opportunity 2025

Technology type Technology Technology descriptionTechnology readiness level (TRL) TRL rationale Use cases Use case source(s) Engine type Battery Solid-state batteries (SSBs)Solid-state batteries replace the liquid or gel electrolyte in conventional Li-ion batteries with a solid electrolyte.5-7 Deloitte analysis System prototype demonstration in operational environment. SSBs are being manufactured and tested, with promising results in energy density and cyclability. Widespread deployment in shipping is pending; mass production and operational integration are still in development.SOLiTHOR is developing lithium metal solid-state batteries for maritime and aviation, with milestones in energy density and cyclability. Solid State M-Oceans (SSC) batteries offer an efficient, light- weight battery oriented towards both commercial and leisure maritime applications.Maritime Battery Forum, 2024. Solithor reaches 1000 charging cycles with over 80% capacity retention – a key milestone in its development of solid-state batteries for the aviation and maritime sectors M-Oceans, 2024. The future of solid- state batteriesHybrid electric propulsion systems: these combine conventional internal combustion engines (typically diesel or gas) with electric motors and energy storage, most commonly batteries. This integration enables vessels to operate using either the engine, the electric motor, or both, managed by an advanced energy management system (EMS). E-ammonia Green Haber-Bosch processHaber-Bosch is the century-old, globally dominant process for ammonia synthesis. The mature, decarbonized pathway uses green hydrogen, produced by water electrolysis powered by renewable electricity, instead of hydrogen from fossil fuels. The process combines green hydrogen and nitrogen under high pressure and temperature in the presence of an iron-based catalyst to produce ammonia (NH2).9 Deloitte analysis Green hydrogen and nitrogen are fed into a Haber-Bosch reactor to synthesize ammonia. All components are commercially available and proven at industrial scale.Some shipping companies have already begun trials with hydrogen and ammonia-powered vessels. NYK Line and Maersk are testing ammonia-fuelled ships, while others are examining hybrid vessels that combine green fuels and batteries. DNV is partnering with Wärtsilä, MSC, C-Job and CNR on the Ammonia24 project, which aims to develop both two- and four-stroke marine engines that run safely and efficiently using ammonia as fuel.Carbon Credits, 2024. Green hydrogen and ammonia drive maritime decarbonization DNV, 2024. Ammonia 24 Ammonia internal combustion engines: these are modified marine engines designed to burn ammonia directly, either as the sole fuel or in dual-fuel mode with a small amount of pilot fuel – such as diesel or hydrogen – for ignition.Integrated green ammonia plants (Haber- Bosch + renewables)Integrated green ammonia plants are large-scale facilities where the entire ammonia production chain is co-located and directly coupled with dedicated renewable energy assets.9 Deloitte analysis Several large projects are operational or under construction globally (e.g. in Australia, Saudi Arabia, Chile and Europe. Several large- scale integrated plants are under construction or have recently started operations, marking the transition to commercial readiness.ACWA Power (Saudi Arabia) is developing the world’s largest integrated green ammonia plant in Yanbu, targeting 2.8 million tonnes per year by 2030, powered by 4 GW of wind and solar. Envision Energy (China) conducted the world’s first green marine ammonia bunkering at Dalian Port, using green ammonia from their integrated wind, solar and energy storage plant.Global Business Outlook, 2024. Go green with GBO: Sinopec joins Saudis’ energy diversification with green hydrogen plans Renewables Now, 2024. Envision Energy delivers green ammonia for world-first bunkering Turning Challenge into Opportunity: Supplier Voices from Heavy-Emitting Sectors 63