Steel Technology Technology descriptionTechnology readiness level (TRL) TRL rationale Use cases Use case source(s) Green steel: direct reduced iron (DRI) steel with attached carbon capturePlants where iron ore is reduced to iron without melting can be equipped with carbon capture technology. This can be physical adsorption technology, where molecules are captured by an adsorbent, or chemical absorption, where CO2 is reacted with a chemical solvent.9 IEA, 2025. ETP Clean Energy Technology GuideEmirates Steel (in Abu Dhabi) operates a direct reduced iron and electric arc furnace (DRI + EAF) route and has one of the world’s only commercial CCUS facilities tied to an iron/steel plant (the Al Reyadah project). This plant is capable of capturing 800kt of CO2 per year, which is compressed, dehydrated and then pumped through 50 km of pipeline to be injected into a mature onshore oil field for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operations.SAISI, 2024. Carbon capture & storage fact sheet Green steel: direct reduced iron steel with blended hydrogenDirect reduction occurs when iron ore is reduced to iron without melting. Natural gas fuel in this process can be replaced by a blend of natural gas and electrolytic hydrogen. Current technology is suited to up to 30% hydrogen content.7 IEA, 2025. ETP Clean Energy Technology GuideGravitHy is an operator of a sustainable iron plant intended to reduce carbon emissions in steel production. The company offers green hydrogen-based direct reduced iron production and operates a zero-carbon hot briquetted iron (HBI) facility with electrolyser capacity, enabling steel manufacturers to transition towards low- emission steelmaking.GravitHy, 2025. GravitHy initiative: green hydrogen-based steelmaking Green steel: direct reduction of iron oxide to pig iron using natural gasThis climate technology involves green steel produced through direct reduction of iron oxide to pig iron using natural gas, rather than coal, as a reducing agent. This process occurs in a direct reduction reactor, where the iron oxide is heated in the presence of the reducing agent natural gas to produce the pig iron. The resulting pig iron can then be used in the production of steel. The use of natural gas in the direct reduction process reduces the dependence on traditional fossil fuels, such as coal and coke, and decreases greenhouse gas emissions.9 Deloitte analysis 24% of global steel production of pig iron is through direct reduced iron using natural gas.ArcelorMittal Hamburg plant operates a DRI- EAF facility, where natural gas is currently used to reduce iron ore into DRI before feeding it into an electric arc furnace. The plant is now planning a transition to hydrogen (the Hamburg H2 project), but as of now the base reduction is via natural gas.ArcelorMittal, 2023. Hydrogen-based steelmaking to begin in Hamburg Turning Challenge into Opportunity: Supplier Voices from Heavy-Emitting Sectors 66

Turning Challenge into Opportunity 2025