Technology type Technology Technology descriptionTechnology readiness level (TRL) TRL rationale Use cases Use case source(s) Engine type Hydrogen Electrolysis – polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) (using freshwater)Water is split into hydrogen and oxygen via the application of an electric current, using an acidic solid polymer electrolyte membrane.9 IEA, 2025. ETP Clean Energy Technology GuideITM Power (UK) specializes in proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysers that convert renewable electricity and freshwater into ultra-high-purity hydrogen (up to 99.999%) and oxygen. Their modular, compact systems are designed for rapid response to variable power inputs, making them ideal for integration with renewable energy sources and applications such as shipping, industrial decarbonization and hydrogen refuelling. ITM Power’s manufacturing facility in Sheffield currently has an annual capacity of 1 GW, with plans to scale up further, supporting both small-scale and large-scale green hydrogen projects.ITM Power, 2024 Hydrogen internal combustion engines (HICEs): these are modified conventional engines designed to burn hydrogen directly. They can operate solely on hydrogen or in dual-fuel mode with a pilot fuel such as diesel. HICEs leverage familiar engine technology, can accept lower purity hydrogen and produce no CO2 emissions when running on pure hydrogen.Methane pyrolysis plasma thermal decompositionIn the absence of oxygen, methane is decomposed into hydrogen and elemental carbon at high temperatures, usually in the presence of a catalyst. In plasma thermal decomposition pyrolysis processes, the energy demand is supplied by electricity. The electric energy ignites the plasma (an ionized gas), which reaches temperatures of 1,000–2,000°C and splits methane into hydrogen and carbon black, a by-product that can be used commercially.8 IEA, 2025. ETP Clean Energy Technology GuidePlenesys’s HyPlasma is a methane pyrolysis process that uses renewable electricity and (bio) methane as feedstocks. Unlike SMR, HyPlasma does not produce any CO2, as it uses the clean heat generated by plasma torches to crack the methane molecule (CH2) into hydrogen and solid carbon powder, a by-product that can be valorised on the market. HyPlasma also uses electricity, similar to water electrolysis, but at the same production scale, it uses five times less electricity than electrolysis, making operational costs more than 50% lower than electrolysis, while remaining competitive with the low costs of SMR.Plenesys, 2024. Plasma methane pyrolysis Steam methane reforming (SMR) with carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS)Natural gas is mixed with steam (and/or CO2) in the presence of a catalyst at high temperatures and moderate pressure to produce syngas.9 IEA, 2025. ETP Clean Energy Technology GuideShell develops and licenses the “Shell Blue Hydrogen Process”, integrating natural gas reforming with advanced CCUS technologies, and claims up to 99% CO2 capture.Shell, 2024. Shell Blue Hydrogen Process: Cost- effective technology avoiding CO2 emissions Turning Challenge into Opportunity: Supplier Voices from Heavy-Emitting Sectors 65

Turning Challenge into Opportunity 2025