Trucking Technology Technology descriptionTechnology readiness level (TRL) TRL rationale Use cases Use case source(s) Battery electric trucks (BET)Vehicles such as semi-trucks and delivery trucks that run on electric batteries.9 IEA, 2025. ETP Clean Energy Technology GuideVolvo Trucks is a leading provider in the heavy-duty electric truck market, offering a growing range of battery-electric models for applications such as urban distribution, construction, waste management and regional hauling. These trucks are fully electric and produce zero tailpipe emissions, supporting cities in meeting air quality goals, complying with zero-emission zone regulations and reducing noise pollution.Volvo Trucks, 2024. Electric trucks Battery swapping for heavy trucksTrucks exchange depleted battery packs for fully charged ones at dedicated swapping stations. Swaps can be completed in minutes, drastically reducing downtime compared to conventional charging.7-8 Deloitte analysis Early commercialization and rapid growth, especially in China. Rapid adoption and scaling-up in specific markets.CATL is advancing battery swapping for heavy- duty trucks through its QIJI Energy project. The company has introduced standardized swappable battery packs, such as the #75 model, and is building a network of battery swapping stations across China. CATL plans to open more than 300 stations by the end of 2025 and is targeting a nationwide network by 2030.Electrek, 2025. CATL battery swap: electric semi tech cleans up the messy middle Dynamic & static inductive chargingWireless power transfer uses electromagnetic fields between coils in the ground and coils on the vehicle: –Static: vehicles charge when stationary over a pad (depots, docks, parking spots). –Dynamic: vehicles charge while moving over coils embedded in the roadway.Static inductive charging: 7-8 Dynamic inductive charging: 4-5Deloitte analysis Static inductive charging: commercially available for buses; heavy truck systems entering pilot deployment. Dynamic inductive charging: concept proven, but large-scale deployment for heavy trucks is still in early research/ demonstration.Static wireless charging: WAVE Charging provides high-power wireless charging solutions to support commercial electric vehicle adoption. At the Port of Los Angeles, WAVE is powering ten class-8 yard trucks with 125kW wireless chargers. Additionally, nearby facilities use WAVE’s 250kW and 380kW systems to charge Hyster-Yale electric top-loaders. A separate project is planned to supply 500kW wireless fast charging for a Cummins battery- electric drayage truck. Dynamic wireless charging: Smartroad Gotland, a project on the island of Gotland in Sweden, demonstrated dynamic wireless charging for long-haul electric trucks. Developed by ElectReon, the project enabled a truck to receive power continuously while driving at speeds up to 80 km/h over a 1.65 km public road segment. The system used coils embedded in the roadway to wirelessly transfer energy to a receiver on the truck.WAVE Charging, 2024. Wireless charging ports Electreon, 2024. Smartroad Gotland project: dynamic wireless charging for electric vehicles Turning Challenge into Opportunity: Supplier Voices from Heavy-Emitting Sectors 69

Turning Challenge into Opportunity 2025