Drivers that could impact hydrogen testing and scaling Factors that could impact hydrogen uptake and deployment at airports centre around global hydrogen dynamics and economics, enabling infrastructure and airport characteristics. The research identified five key hydrogen accelerators and five key hydrogen enablers. Accelerators are indicators that have a strong impact on the rate of hydrogen adoption at airports. These indicators have the most significant impact on accelerated hydrogen uptake. Enablers are indicators that address the broader unlocks required for hydrogen adoption to scale. Although they may have a relatively weaker impact on accelerated development, they play a crucial role in the successful implementation and deployment of hydrogen technologies. The relative impact of hydrogen drivers differs across archetypes, as individual airport and policy characteristics directly impact the role and impact of each driver. Lever Materiality/impact AcceleratorsNet-zero policy Net-zero policies (e.g., carbon prices, mandates, subsidies, renewable portfolio standards) are a strong indicator for hydrogen development given their ability to influence supply and demand for hydrogen in a region H2 production Sufficient hydrogen production is critical to accelerated uptake – regions that are expected to have strong pipelines of hydrogen production will uptake at an accelerated rate H2 demand (other) Given relatively nascent use-cases for hydrogen in aviation, non-aviation use cases could be a stronger accelerator of hydrogen development at airports in the near term as aviation use cases continue to mature Ground fleet compositionGiven relatively nascent use-cases for hydrogen in aviation, ground fleet with mature use cases could strongly influence hydrogen development at airports in the near term Short-range flight densityGiven relatively nascent use cases for hydrogen in aviation, short-range flight density represents a proxy for use case of aviation hydrogenEnablersH2 demand (aviation) Impacts hydrogen development at airports – however, relatively nascent use cases currently available do not drive significant demand Transport network Facilities to transport hydrogen can be a key unlock for airports, but given other use cases in the near term it is not a significant factor Energy infrastructure Critical to the deployment of hydrogen, but largely captured and mirrors net- zero policy Airport infrastructure Airport infrastructure can be a key unlock for airports, but given other use cases in the near term it is not a significant factor H2 cost Not a critical lever and largely covered through supply and demand of hydrogen

AoT Pathways for Airports to Develop into Energy Hubs April 2024