Beyond Cost 2024

Innovation ecosystem –Global Innovation Index uses 80 indicators to track innovation trends across over 130 economies, covering various economic and venture capital landscapes.18 –Unit: Score 0-100 (best) Access to capital for technology projects –Frontier technology readiness – Access to finance measures availability of finance to the private sector. This indicator measures resources provided by financial corporations such as finance and leasing companies, money lenders, insurance corporations, pension funds and foreign exchange companies.19 –Unit: Score 0-100 (best) High technology exports –High technology exports (percentage of manufactured exports) are the percentage of products with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments and electrical machinery.20 –Unit: Percentage of manufactured exports Digital competitiveness –The Digital Competitiveness Ranking evaluates countries based on how they adopt and explore digital technologies, transforming government practices, business models and society.21 Advanced technology adoption –Frontier technology readiness – Industry activity measures ongoing activities in an industry related to the use, adoption and adaption of frontier technologies. It considers three sectors that stand out as early adopters: manufacturing, finance and information, communication and technology (ICT).22 –Unit: Score 0-100 (best) ICT infrastructure development –Frontier technology readiness – ICT deployment measures the development level of ICT infrastructure.23 –Unit: Score 0-100 (best)Intellectual property regime –The International Property Rights Index scores the underlining institutions of a strong property rights regime, the legal and political environment, physical property rights and intellectual property rights.24 –Unit: Score 0-10 (best) Cybersecurity –The Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) measures the commitment of countries to cybersecurity at a global level. Each country’s level of development or engagement is assessed along five pillars: 1) legal measures, 2) technical measures, 3) organizational measures, 4) capacity development, and 5) cooperation – and then aggregated into an overall score. 25 –Unit: Score 0-100 (best) Labour and skills Availability of technology-skilled workers –Frontier technology readiness – Skills measures how using, adopting and adapting frontier technologies requires skilled workers, particularly those trained in technology through education and practical workplace training.26 –Unit: Score 0-100 (best) STEM graduates –New tertiary graduates in STEM outline data on graduates by field in STEM adjusted by country population.27 –Unit: Percentage of all new graduates Trade union density –Trade union density rate (percentage of total employees): A trade union is defined as a workers’ organization aiming to advance and defend the interests of workers. This trade union density rate conveys the number of union members who are employees as a percentage of the total number of employees.28 –Unit: Percentage of all employees Labour cost –Mean nominal hourly labour cost per employee by economic activity measures the cost incurred by the employer in the employment of labour in a specified reference period.29 –Unit: Nominal value, $ Beyond Cost: Country Readiness for the Future of Manufacturing and Supply Chains 27