Security Energy security – the continuous availability of energy sources at a reasonable price – is a cornerstone of economic resilience and societal stability. Today, it requires not only reliability and diversification but also flexibility in order to manage volatility through demand responsiveness, interconnections and variable renewables. As digital systems like smart grids and AI-driven infrastructure expand, cyber resilience is also emerging as a critical dimension of energy security. The International Energy Agency (IEA)/UK Government Summit on the Future of Energy Security37 reinforced this view, emphasizing the need for resilience, supply chain diversification and international cooperation. The summit’s outcomes have been influential in shaping global energy security discussions and refreshing frameworks for energy security. The ETI’s security dimension evaluates the reliability and resilience of energy systems. Security over the past 10 years Over the past decade, the security dimension saw modest improvement of 3.4%, marked by slow but steady progress in diversification and grid resilience, and reduced exposure to supply risks (Figure 6). –Between 2016 and 2020, security scores improved gradually, supported by moderate gains in electricity diversification and reductions in technical transmission and distribution losses. –In 2021-2023, progress stalled as the COVID-19 pandemic – combined with geopolitical instability, supply chain disruptions and rising energy demand – placed renewed pressure on energy systems. –In 2024-2025, scores recovered slightly by 0.4%, driven by a reduction in import dependence and greater diversification of energy sources, as well as continued investments in renewables and regional interconnections. Despite the long-term improvement, key sub- indicators revealed underlying fragilities: –Average energy import dependence scores declined in 2024 but rose again in 2025 (+1.9% y-o-y). –Score of power system flexibility deteriorated (-1.3% y-o-y in 2025), suggesting that capacity to respond to demand shocks and variable supply was still insufficient. 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 202564.565.065.566.0 64.066.567.067.568.0Dimension score (0-100) 65.365.666.066.366.666.767.467.5 67.267.5Security dimension trend, 2016-2025 FIGURE 6 Source: World Economic Forum. Over the past decade, the security dimension saw modest improvement of 3.4%, marked by slow but steady progress in diversification and grid resilience. Fostering Effective Energy Transition 2025 23