Demographic shifts Growing working-age populations are the macrotrend expected to be the second-biggest driver of global net job creation – with 9 million net additional jobs by 2030 – surpassed only by broadening digital access. Aging and declining working-age populations, meanwhile, are simultaneously expected to be, overall, the third- largest driver of job creation (11 million additional jobs) as well the primary factor in a global reduction in 7 million jobs, making this trend the 5th largest driver of net job creation, on balance, resulting in 4 million net additional jobs by 2030. These two demographic trends are notably among the top three drivers of growth in roles for Assembly and Factory Workers and Vocational Education Teachers. Aging and declining working-age populations also appear to drive growth in roles for Nurses, Sales and Hospitality professionals as well as being among the largest drivers of growth for shop salespersons, wholesale and manufacturing sales representatives, food and beverage serving workers and food processing and related trades workers. Growing working age populations, meanwhile, are expected to be a key driver of growth for Education roles, including University and Higher Education Teachers and Secondary Education Teachers.Economic uncertainty Slower economic growth is the only macrotrend that Future of Jobs Survey respondents expect to drive more job destruction (3 million jobs) than creation (2 million jobs), while rising cost of living and higher prices are expected to drive job creation of 4 million jobs and displacement of 3 million jobs by 2030. These two trends are both significant contributors to an expected decline in roles for Building Caretakers, Cleaners, and Housekeepers, while slower economic growth is also among the top contributors to job decline in Business Services and Administration Managers, General and Operations Managers, and Sales and Marketing Professionals. However, slower economic growth is also projected to be a top driver for growth in roles such as Business Development Professionals and Sales Representatives. Growth in roles driven by increasing cost of living is concentrated in jobs associated with finding ways of increasing efficiency, such as AI and Machine Learning Specialists, Business Development Professionals, and Supply Chain and Logistics Specialists. Future of Jobs Report 2025 31