In addition to overall barriers to labour-force participation and employment, global data provided by LinkedIn shows persistent skewing in women’s representation in the workforce across industries.11 In LinkedIn’s sample, which comprises all LinkedIn users in 163 countries, women account for 41.9% of the workforce (ILO reports 39.5% in 2021 for the global workforce12). Trends over time indicate that the share of women hired into the total workforce saw upward trends between 2016-2019, increasing from 41.6% to 42.1% before plateauing in 2020. In the last three years, the proportion of jobs held by women increased again in 2021 (+0.12 percentage points), followed by a slight drop in 2022 (-0.03 percentage points) and a steeper decline in 2023 (-0.31 percentage points). A closer look across industries reveals that Healthcare and Care Services (64.7%) continues to be a female-dominated field. Women also outnumber men, though to a lesser degree, in Education (54.0%) and Consumer Services (51.8%). The Government and Public sector is the only one showcasing a fairly balanced distribution of men and women across occupations, with women accounting for almost half (49.7%) of the workforce in 2023 (down from 50% in 2022). Industries where women are under-represented yet still make up more than 40% of the workforce (i.e. above the global average score of 41.9%, and the median score of 42.4%) are Retail (48.7%), Entertainment Providers (48.4%), Administrative and Support Services (46.5%), Real Estate (44.7%), Accommodation and Food (43.3%) and Financial Services (42.4%). Finally, women are poorly represented in sectors like Oil, Gas and Mining (22.7%) and Infrastructure (22.3%), where they account for less than one-quarter of workers. The drop in women’s workforce representation between 2022 and 2023 noted earlier is observed across industries, but especially in Consumer Services (-0.71 percentage points), Accommodation and Food (-0.67 percentage points), Agriculture (-0.65 percentage points), and Wholesale (-0.62 percentage points). The share of women in Accommodation and Food, however, has been experiencing a downward trend since 2020 – along with women’s share in Retail and, to a smaller extent, in Healthcare and Care Services and Financial Services (for the latter, the decline started in 2018).Workforce representation across industries 2.2 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 OverallHealthcare and Care Services Education Consumer Services Government and Public Sector Retail Entertainment Providers Administrative and SupportServices Real Estate Accommodation and Food Financial Services Professional Services Technology, Informationand Media Wholesale Utilities Manufacturing Agriculture Supply Chain andTransportation Oil, Gas and Mining Infrastructure Share (%) Year 20 30 40 50 60 70 Source LinkedIn Economic Graph.Representation of women in the workforce, by industry, 2016-2023 FIGURE 2.5 NoteThe 2023 data points only include data for Q1 2023. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 37

GGGR 2023