GGGR 2023

Unemployment of workers with advanced education (%) 20 30 40 45 35 25 15 5 0 10203040 35 25 15 5 010 20 30 40 45 35 25 15 5 0 10 Advanced economies Emerging market economies Unemployment of workers with basic education (%) Unemployment by level of education, female and male workers, by income level, 2022 or latest year availableFIGURE 2.4 Source International Labour Organization (ILO), ILOSTAT.Note Educational attainment based on the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED). Basic education is defined as primary and lower secondary education and advanced education is defined as short-cycle tertiary education, bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent levels. Georgia Eswatini Spain Algeria Slovakia South Africa Sweden Azerbaijan North Macedonia Jordan Rwanda Morocco Botswana Guinea Bulgaria FinlandA. Female B. Male Tunisia Pakistan Jordan Morocco Algeria Botswana Spain South-Africa Sweden Bulgaria North Macedonia Lebanon Italy Rwanda USA Finland Greece Montenegro Slovakia Angola Cameroon Chad Saudi Arabia Mali discouragement to search for opportunities, among other factors.9 Working conditions When women secure employment, they often face substandard quality of working conditions. A significant portion of the recovery in employment since 2020 can be attributed to informal employment. The ILO estimates that out of every five jobs created for women, four are within the informal economy, whereas for men, the ratio is two out of every three jobs.10 While informal work is critical and may drive production and employment, it is often a “last-resort” option characterized by a lack of legal protections, social security, and decent working conditions, and poses numerous challenges for women’s economic and social well- being.Overall, over the last decade, there has been insufficient progress in improving working conditions, interrupted by shocks in key labour- force indicators. Women still encounter barriers entering the workforce, struggle to find jobs, and face relatively poorer working conditions, calling for renewed focus by both governments and business leaders. Across the world, inadequate care systems are one of the largest roadblocks to improving gender gaps in the labour market. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 36