Since the launch of the Global Cybersecurity Outlook in 2022, the survey has shown a consistent concern among business and cyber executives about the state of the cyber ecosystem. At the 2024 Annual Meeting on Cybersecurity, cyber experts identified vulnerabilities within interconnected supply chains as the leading contributor to the growing complexity in cyberspace. This year’s Outlook will analyse how intricate supply chain dependencies, geopolitical risk, inequity and regulations are affecting the cyber resilience of ecosystems.2.3 Growing ecosystem interdependencies and risks As digitalization advances, cyber threats are becoming increasingly complex, particularly as interdependencies across third-party supply chains and broader ecosystems grow. Cyber attackers need only succeed once to cause significant harm, while our collective defences – spanning organizations, suppliers and global networks – must be robust and cohesive at all times. To effectively safeguard the energy infrastructure that supplies billions globally, we need closer collaboration and transparency between all stakeholders, both locally and internationally, to mitigate risks across the supply chain and digital ecosystem. Amin Nasser, President and Chief Executive Officer, Aramco 0 20% 10%What aspect of complexity presents the greatest challenges or concerns for your organization? 30%Uncertainty arising from geopolitical tensions 20%Increasing sophistication of cybercrime 22%Vulnerabilities in complex supply chain interdependencies26% 12%Rapid adoption of emerging technologies 7%Cyber skills gap 6%Expanding regulatory requirements with insufﬁcient harmonization 6%IT–OT convergence Challenges to organizations posed by cybersecurity threats FIGURE 9 Global Cybersecurity Outlook 2025 23