Endnotes 1. Peterson Institute for International Economics. (2025). Global Trade Policy Tracker: Assessing the Economic Impact of Tariff Escalations and Realignments. 2. International Monetary Fund. (2024). Red Sea Attacks Disrupt Global Trade. https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/ articles/2024/03/07/red-sea-attacks-disrupt-global-trade. 3. International Monetary Fund. (2025). World Economic Outlook: Steering Through Uncertainty. 4. IDC. (2025). Worldwide Artificial Intelligence Spending Guide: Supply Chain and Manufacturing Applications, 2025 Update. 5. International Monetary Fund. (2025). The Global Impact of AI: Mind the Gap. Working Paper WP/25/076. 6. World Economic Forum. (2023). A global rewiring: Redefining global value chains for the future. 7. World Economic Forum. (2024). From disruption to opportunity: Strategies for rewiring global value chains. 8. World Economic Forum. (2024). Beyond cost: Country readiness for the future of manufacturing and supply chains. 9. Cosgrove, E. (2020, July 13). Unilever CSCO: Agility beats forecasting when the supply chain is stressed. Supply Chain Dive. https://www.supplychaindive.com/news/unilever-csco-agility-forecasting-coronavirus/581323/. 10. International Monetary Fund. (2025). World Economic Outlook: Steering Through Uncertainty, April 2025; World Bank. (2025). Global Economic Prospects, June 2025; OECD. (2025). Economic Outlook, Interim Report: Steering through Uncertainty, March 2025. 11. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2025). World Economic Situation and Prospects: Mid-Year Update; Global Trade Alert (new interventions per year). Adjusted; cut-off date is December 31. The 2025 figures are as of October 17, 2025. https://globaltradealert.org/data-center . 12. Avanade. (n.d.). Microsoft Cloud Supply Chain Solution (control tower case study). https://www.avanade.com/en-ch/ insights/clients/microsoft-supply-chain-control-tower . 13. BioNTech SE. (n.d.). BioNTech introduces first modular mRNA manufacturing facility. https://investors.biontech.de/news- releases/news-release-details/biontech-introduces-first-modular-mrna-manufacturing-facility. 14. National Institute of Standards and Technology and US Resilience Project. (n.d.). Best practices in cyber supply chain risk management: Cisco – Managing supply chain risks end-to-end. https://www.nist.gov/system/files/documents/itl/csd/ NIST_USRP-Cisco-Cyber-SCRM-Case-Study.pdf. 15. Tomás, J. P . (2025, January 23). Chinese telcos operate 4.25 million 5G base stations. RCR Wireless News. https://www.rcrwireless.com/20250123/featured/chinese-5g-base-stations. 16. World Intellectual Property Organization. (2024). World Intellectual Property Indicators 2024. https://www.wipo.int/edocs/ pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-941-2024-en-world-intellectual-property-indicators-2024.pdf. 17. IDA Ireland. (n.d.). Skillnet Ireland and IDA Ireland research study highlights need to develop digital and data skills of all non-IT employees. https://www.idaireland.com/latest-news/press-release/skillnet-ireland-and-ida-ireland-research-study. 18. Ministry of Finance, Singapore. (n.d.). Green bonds. https://www.mof.gov.sg/policies/fiscal/green-bonds/. Global Value Chains Outlook 2026: Orchestrating Corporate and National Agility 35