Nature Positive Role of the Mining and Metals Sector

100. Includes iron ore mining, precious metals mining, other non-ferrous ore mining and other non-metallic minerals mining: CDP . (2018). Global Water Report 2018. https://www.cdp.net/en/research/global-reports/global-water-report- 2018#671b3beee69d9180412202b6528ec8f7. 101. Green infrastructure has been defined as “a strategically planned network of natural and semi-natural areas with other environmental features, designed and managed to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services, while also enhancing biodiversity”: European Commission. (n.d.). Green infrastructure. https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/nature-and- biodiversity/green-infrastructure_en. 102. World Economic Forum. (2020). Nature Risk Rising: Why the Crisis Engulfing Nature Matters for Business and the Economy. https://www.weforum.org/reports/nature-risk-rising-why-the-crisis-engulfing-nature-matters-for-business-and- the-economy/. 103. Díaz, S. et al. (2019). Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). https://www.ipbes.net/global-assessment. 104. Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures (TNFD). (2023). Guidance on the identification and assessment of nature- related issues: the LEAP approach. https://tnfd.global/publication/additional-guidance-on-assessment-of-nature-related- issues-the-leap-approach/. 105. Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures (TNFD). (2024). Additional sector guidance – Metals and mining. https://tnfd.global/publication/additional-sector-guidance-metals-and-mining/. 106. Science Based Targets Network (SBTN). (n.d.). Step 1: Assess. https://sciencebasedtargetsnetwork.org/companies/take-action/assess/ . 107. Science Based Targets Network (SBTN). (n.d.). Step 2: Prioritize. https://sciencebasedtargetsnetwork.org/companies/take-action/prioritize/. 108. Includes high and very high materiality dependencies from ENCORE across the value chain – the full methodology for this assessment can be found in the Appendix: United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). (2024). Exploring Natural Capital Opportunities, Risks and Exposure. https://encorenature.org/en. 109. Coincidence analysis was based on global extent of areas potentially influenced by mining, allocating a 50 km radius around 62,000 mining properties. This includes known mining properties only sourced from S&P Global Market Intelligence: Sonter, L. J. et al. (2020). Renewable energy production will exacerbate mining threats to biodiversity. Nature Communications, vol.11, no.4174. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-17928-5. 110. Of disclosed tailings facilities, 9% were within declared protected areas and 20% were within 5 km: The University of Queensland, Australia. (2023, 28 November). Sensitive ecosystems at risk from mine waste. https://www.uq.edu.au/news/ article/2023/11/sensitive-ecosystems-risk-mine-waste. 111. Hansen, M. C. et al. (2013). High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change. Science, vol. 342, no.6160. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1244693. 112. The approach assumes that deforestation in buffer zones of up to 50 km around mining areas can be partially attributed to mining activities, to reflect light on the indirect impacts of mining. However, indirect influence may vary significantly, influenced by other factors, such as geography, proximity to urban settlements and watershed boundaries. This includes coal: World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). (2023). Extracted Forests. https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/ wwf_studie_extracted_forests_1_1.pdf. 113. World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). (2023). Extracted Forests. https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/wwf_studie_extracted_forests_1_1.pdf. 114. Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures (TNFD). (2024). Additional sector guidance – Metals and mining. https://tnfd.global/publication/additional-sector-guidance-metals-and-mining/. 115. Sonter, L. J. et al. (2018). Mining and biodiversity: key issues and research needs in conservation science. Proc. R. Soc. B, vol 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1926. 116. Society for Ecological Restoration (SER). (2022). International Principles and Standards for the Ecological Restoration and Recovery of Mine Sites. https://www.ser.org/page/mining. 117. European Environment Agency. (2024). Best available techniques (BAT) to cut the use and impact of hazardous chemicals (Signal). https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/european-zero-pollution-dashboards/indicators/best-available-techniques-bat-to- cut-the-use-and-impact-of-hazardous-chemicals. 118. World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). (2023). Extracted Forests. https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/wwf_ studie_extracted_forests_1_1.pdf. 119. Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development (IGF). (2017). Global Trends in Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM): A Review of Key Numbers and Issues. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/ publications/igf-asm-global-trends.pdf. 120. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2023). Ending the toxic trail of small-scale gold mining. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/ending-toxic-trail-small-scale-gold-mining. 121. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2022). How countries are reducing anthropogenic mercury pollution. https://www.unep.org/technical-highlight/how-countries-are-reducing-anthropogenic-mercury-pollution. Nature Positive: Role of the Mining and Metals Sector 64