Targeted Action and Financing the Fight Against Antimicrobial Resistance in Asia 2025

42. Bishen, S. (2025). How global collaboration is addressing the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/stories/2025/01/global-collaboration-antimicrobial-resistance-amr/. 43. Asia refers to South Asia, South-East Asia, East Asia and Oceania as categorized by the Global Research on Antimicrobial Resistance (GRAM) project. 44. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). (2024). The Lancet: More than 39 million deaths from antibiotic- resistant infections estimated between now and 2050, suggests first global analysis. https://www.healthdata.org/news- events/newsroom/news-releases/lancet-more-39-million-deaths-antibiotic-resistant-infections. 45. Naghavi, M., Vollset, S. E., Ikuta, K. S. et al. (2024). Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990-2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050. The Lancet, Volume 404, Issue 10459, p1199-1226. https://www.thelancet. com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01867-1/fulltext. 46. L.E.K. Consulting. (2021). Asia-Pacific in the Eye of AMR Storm: Nurturing Innovation To Fight Antimicrobial Resistance. https://www.lek.com/sites/default/files/PDFs/Nurturing-Innovation-AMR-management.pdf?trk=article-ssr-frontend-pulse_ little-text-block. 47. L.E.K. Consulting. (2021). Asia-Pacific in the Eye of AMR Storm: Nurturing Innovation To Fight Antimicrobial Resistance. https://www.lek.com/sites/default/files/PDFs/Nurturing-Innovation-AMR-management.pdf?trk=article-ssr-frontend-pulse_ little-text-block. 48. The geographical coverage under each region is as follows (where data is available). –Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Myanmar, Malaysia, Nepal, North Korea, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Timor Leste, Thailand and Viet Nam. –Western Europe: Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Luxemburg, Malta, Monaco, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. –Latin America: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, United States Virgin Islands, Uruguay and Venezuela. –Sub-Saharan Africa: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Togo, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe. 49. Naghavi, M., Vollset, S. E., Ikuta, K. S. et al. (2024). Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990-2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050. The Lancet, Volume 404, Issue 10459, p1199-1226. https://www.thelancet. com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01867-1/fulltext. 50. The geographical coverage under each Asian sub-region is as follows (where data is available): –East Asia: China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea and Taiwan. –South Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. –South-East Asia: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Timor Leste, Thailand and Viet Nam. 51. Naghavi, M., Vollset, S. E., Ikuta, K. S. et al. (2024). Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990-2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050. The Lancet, Volume 404, Issue 10459, p1199-1226. https://www.thelancet. com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01867-1/fulltext. 52. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. (2024). Antimicrobial resistance: a global health emergency. https://www.thelancet. com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600%2824%2900331-X/fulltext#:~:text=Although%20the%20number%20of%20 deaths,has%20increased%20by%20over%2080%25. 53. Ng, K. (2023). Japan Population: One in 10 People Now Aged 80 or Older. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/ world-asia-66850943. 54. von Kameke, Leander. (2024). Children in the Asia-Pacific region – Statistics & Facts [Dataset]. Statista. https://www.statista.com/topics/10283/children-in-the-asia-pacific-region/#topicOverview . 55. N Naghavi, M., Vollset, S. E., Ikuta, K. S. et al. (2024). Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990-2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050. The Lancet, Volume 404, Issue 10459, p1199-1226. https://www.thelancet. com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01867-1/fulltext. 56. Counahan, M., Khetrapal, S., Parry, J., Servais, G., & Roth, S. (2018). Investing in Regional Health Security For Sustainable Development in Asia and the Pacific, No. 56, ADB Sustainable Development Working Paper Series. https://www.adb.org/ sites/default/files/publication/446656/sdwp-056-regional-health-security.pdf. 57. Laxminarayan, R., & Chaudhury, R. R. (2016). Antibiotic Resistance in India: Drivers and Opportunities for Action. PLOS Medicine, 13(3), e1001974. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001974. Targeted Action and Financing the Fight Against Antimicrobial Resistance in Asia 45