Endnotes 1. Non-energy fossil feedstocks are petrochemical, coal and natural gas products used as raw materials (feedstock) for manufacturing, rather than being burned for energy. Representing about 8% of global fossil fuel use, these materials create products such as plastics, fertilizers, asphalt and lubricants. Synonyms include petrochemical feedstocks, non- energy uses of fossil fuels (NEUF) or industrial feedstock. Non-energy biomass refers to organic, renewable materials derived from plants and animals – such as agricultural residues, food waste and wood – that are used for materials, chemicals or products rather than being combusted for heat or electricity. Common examples include construction wood waste, paper products, composted waste and specialized fibre crops. 2. International Energy Agency (IEA). (2025). Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025. https://www.iea.org/reports/global- critical-minerals-outlook-2025 3. Global Trade Alert. (2026). Import and Export Restrictions: Critical Minerals. https://globaltradealert.org/threads/import- and-export-restrictions-critical-minerals 4. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2025). Export restrictions on critical raw materials rise sharply amid growing demand. https://www.oecd.org/en/about/news/press-releases/2025/05/export-restrictions-on- critical-raw-materials-rise-sharply-amid-growing-demand.html 5. International Energy Agency (IEA). (2025). Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025. https://www.iea.org/reports/global- critical-minerals-outlook-2025 6. World Economic Forum. (2025). From Minerals to Megawatts: Building Resilience for EVs, Data Centres and Power Grids. https://reports.weforum.org/docs/WEF_From_Minerals_to_Megawatts_2025.pdf 7. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2024). Global Resources Outlook 2024. https://www.unep.org/ resources/Global-Resource-Outlook-2024 8. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2023). Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Summary for Policymakers. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_SYR_SPM.pdf 9. World Economic Forum. (2026). The Global Cooperation Barometer 2026. https://reports.weforum.org/docs/WEF_The_ Global_Cooperation_Barometer_2026.pdf. 10. World Economic Forum. (2026). The Global Cooperation Barometer 2026. https://reports.weforum.org/docs/WEF_The_ Global_Cooperation_Barometer_2026.pdf 11. This analysis does not include bilateral, regional or plurilateral trade agreements. 12. Global Battery Alliance. (n.d.). Establishing a Sustainable and Responsible Battery Value Chain. https://www.globalbattery.org/ 13. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2024). Global Environment Outlook 7: A future we choose – Why investing in Earth now can lead to a trillion-dollar benefit for all. https://wedocs.unep.org/items/bba44efd-7715-4054- 8432-92b270ee9d67 14. United Nations Environment Programme. (2024). Global Environment Outlook 7: A future we choose – Why investing in Earth now can lead to a trillion-dollar benefit for all. https://wedocs.unep.org/items/bba44efd-7715-4054-8432- 92b270ee9d67 15. World Economic Forum. (2025). Circular Transformation of Industries: Unlocking Economic Value. https://reports. weforum.org/docs/WEF_Circular_Transformation_of_Industries_2025.pdf 16. Barrie, J., Schröder, P ., Pfaff, M. & Stucki, J. (2026). Global stocktake of national circular economy roadmaps and strategies: 2025 update. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). https://www.unido.org/sites/ default/files/unido-publications/2026-01/Stocktake%20CE%20Roadmaps%202025.pdf 17. Chatham House. (2026). https://circulareconomy.earth/about 18. Barrie, J., Schröder, P ., Pfaff, M. & Stucki, J. (2026). Global stocktake of national circular economy roadmaps and strategies: 2025 update. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). https://www.unido.org/sites/ default/files/unido-publications/2026-01/Stocktake%20CE%20Roadmaps%202025.pdf 19. Schröeder, P . & Barrie, J. (2024). How the circular economy can revive the Sustainable Development Goals. Chatham House. https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-09/2024-09-19-how-the-circular-economy-can-revive- the-sdgs-schr%C3%B6der-barrie.pdf 20. Expert Group on Trade, Circular Economy, and Sustainable Development. (2024). Trade, Circular Economy, and Sustainable Development: Guidance on Approaches and Good Practices for the Design of Trade-Related Circular Economy Policies and Measures. https://lyrical-cormorant.files.svdcdn.com/production/assets/images/Publications/ TESS-Report-Trade-Circular-Economy-and-Sustainable-Development.pdf 21. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. (n.d.). UN Transparency Protocol. https://untp.unece.org/ 22. International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) and the Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development. (2024). Navigating Global Sustainability Standards in the Mining Sector. https://www.iisd. org/system/files/2024-11/global-sustainability-standards-mining.pdf. The Future of Materials Systems: Cooperation Opportunities in a Multipolar World 33

The Future of Materials Systems 2026