Indigenous Peoples in Gran Chaco MAP 4 Source: Equipo Nacional de Pastoral Aborigen (ENDEPA), Argentina, 2011.36 The role of Mennonite cooperatives in the Paraguayan Chaco BOX 9 The Mennonite communities of the Paraguayan Chaco have played a pivotal role in shaping the region’s economic and agricultural landscape. Settling in the area in the early 20th century, these communities established cooperatives that have since become leaders in livestock production. Their influence extends beyond ranching, as they have also contributed to the development of agro-industrial chains, including the installation of meat processing plants to facilitate beef exports.37 The departments of Boquerón and Presidente Hayes, where Mennonite cooperatives are concentrated, have seen significant growth in cattle production over the past decade and a half. Between 2010 and 2020, the cattle population in Boquerón more than doubled, rising from 1.14 million to 2.39 million heads, while in Presidente Hayes, the herd expanded from 2.39 million to 2.46 million heads, driven mainly by technological advancements, improved logistics and the participation of international capital.38Beyond their technical contributions to agriculture and livestock, Mennonite cooperatives have played a key role in strengthening and integrating local Paraguayan ranchers.39 Their organizational model and economic influence have helped develop rural infrastructure, improve logistics and facilitate access to markets, positioning the Chaco as a strategic region for Paraguay’s growing beef sector. Nevertheless, there is still room to enhance productivity and sustainability in the Paraguayan Chaco. Expanding efficiency in cattle production through pasture management, soil conservation and water optimization can boost yields without further land conversion. At the same time, advancing regenerative agriculture and sustainable grazing practices led by Mennonite cooperatives can reinforce environmental balance while maintaining economic growth. Despite social and environmental challenges, strengthening dialogue, innovation and governance can further support the region’s continued development as a productive and sustainable agricultural hub. The Gran Chaco: Pathways Towards a Sustainable Future 26

The Gran Chaco Pathways Towards a Sustainable Future 2025