Unleashing the Potential of Industrial Clusters 2025

Term Definition Biofuel A class of renewable fuel derived from biological sources and processes. Minor modifications are possibly required to accommodate refuelling. Based on EPRI definition53 Biogas A mixture of methane, CO2 and small quantities of other gases produced by anaerobic digestion of organic matter in an oxygen-free environment. Biogas includes landfill gas and sewage sludge gas, and can be upgraded by removing non-methane constituents, principally CO2. Based on IEA definition54 Blue hydrogen Hydrogen produced from natural gas by a process of steam methane reforming (SMR), in conjunction with CCS. Based on World Economic Forum definition55 Clean (energy) technologyA technology that has the potential to help increase the uptake of clean energy. This includes any device, component of a device or process for its use dedicated to producing, storing or distributing energy with low CO2 emissions intensity. Alternatively, it can mean a device that provides an energy service or energy commodity that enables users to minimize their contributions to atmospheric CO2 concentrations, in line with net-zero emissions globally. It also includes technologies that reduce the cost or improve the performance of manufacturing other clean energy technologies. Based on IEA definition56 Clean energy An umbrella term that groups energy sources, infrastructure, applications and related assets that are compatible with a net-zero emissions energy system. Based on IEA definition57 Clean fuel Clean fuels/low-emission fuels can be grouped into gaseous fuels (biogases, hydrogen and synthetic methane) and liquid fuels (liquid biofuels, ammonia and synthetic liquid hydrocarbon fuels). They can be produced from plants, which absorb CO2 from the atmosphere as they grow, or through industrial processes powered by renewables or other clean energy sources. Based on IEA definition of low-emission fuel58 Clean hydrogen An umbrella term for both green and blue hydrogen. Based on World Economic Forum definition59 e-fuels e.g. eSAF, eMethane, eMethanolShort for electrofuels, a class of synthetic fuels produced from captured CO2 and renewably sourced electrolytic hydrogen. Based on EPRI definition60 Green ammonia Ammonia that is produced from renewable energy and derives its hydrogen from water and its nitrogen from air. Based on World Economic Forum definition61 Green hydrogen Hydrogen produced from water by electrolysis, powered from renewable sources. Based on World Economic Forum definition62 Green methanol Methanol that is produced from low-carbon sources such as biomass, or via carbon capture. Based on from the World Economic Forum definition63 Green technologyA technology that has the potential to help increase the uptake of green energy – renewable power or green fuels such as green hydrogen, green ammonia or green methanol. Note: this term was brought in via a case study, the definition is based on understanding utilizing the clean technology definition Low-carbon fuel A category of fuel that when burned, provides thermal energy with lower net emissions compared to fossil fuels. Based on a definition provided by Greater St. Louis and Illinois Regional Clean Hydrogen Hub Industrial Cluster Renewable dieselA low-carbon, renewable fuel produced from vegetable oils, animal fats and food waste. It is treated to be a similar quality to fossil fuel. Based on EPRI definition64 Renewable fuel A type of low-carbon fuel produced from renewable sources, such as biological (plant matter, animal waste), organic waste, captured CO2 and renewable electricity.  Based on definition provided by Greater St. Louis and Illinois Regional Clean Hydrogen Hub Industrial Cluster Sustainable aviation fuels (SAF)A low-carbon alternative jet fuel produced from renewable sources (biological, synfuel and others). Could be blended with conventional fossil-based fuels or used directly if it meets aviation standards. Based on EPRI definition65Appendix: Glossary Unleashing the Full Potential of Industrial Clusters: Infrastructure Solutions for Clean Energies 41