Sources: banking for Bitcoin and crypto businesses
Document text
Research, not advice. Part of the Bitcoin research archive (October 2026). Claims labelled unverified, contested or fringe are reported, not endorsed; statuses of bills and rules are as of the date checked. Government, court and patent records are public domain; the research notes are CC BY 4.0.
Sources: banking for Bitcoin and crypto businesses
Research, not legal or financial advice.
Saved copies for market/2026-10-09-banking.md. Everything here was retrieved on 2026-10-09.
Only government documents (federal agencies, the Federal Register, Congress, courts, the Wyoming Division of Banking)
are saved in full. .html files are the agency's own page as served, site menus included. Company pages, press
releases and news articles are not saved; they are summarized with links in the market file.
Not saved here:
- FDIC "Correspondence Related to Crypto-Related Activities", 790 pages of scanned images, about 157 MB, released 2025-02-05. Too large for this repo. URL: https://www.fdic.gov/foia/correspondence-related-crypto-related-activities
- Custodia Bank v. Federal Reserve Board, 728 F. Supp. 3d 1227 (D. Wyo. 2024), the district court's summary-judgment ruling. It is not in govinfo's package for the case, and CourtListener was rate-limited on 2026-10-09. The 2022 motion-to-dismiss order and both Tenth Circuit documents are saved.
- NYDFS internal review of Signature Bank (2023-04-28). dfs.ny.gov returned HTTP 403 to a script. The House Financial Services Committee's two-page summary of it is saved instead. URL of the original: https://www.dfs.ny.gov/system/files/documents/2023/04/nydfs_internal_review_rpt_signature_bank_20230428.pdf
OCC: interpretive letters, findings, fact sheets
| Title | Issuer | Date | URL | File |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interpretive Letter 1179: crypto activities need written supervisory non-objection; OCC can charter national trust banks | OCC | 2021-11-18 | https://www.occ.gov/topics/charters-and-licensing/interpretations-and-decisions/2021/int1179.pdf | 2021-11-18-OCC-IL-1179-crypto-activities-supervisory-nonobjection.pdf |
| Interpretive Letter 1183: reaffirms crypto custody, stablecoin and node activities; rescinds IL 1179's non-objection requirement | OCC | 2025-03-07 | https://www.occ.gov/topics/charters-and-licensing/interpretations-and-decisions/2025/int1183.pdf | 2025-03-07-OCC-IL-1183-rescinds-IL-1179.pdf |
| Interpretive Letter 1184: crypto custody, execution at customer direction, outsourcing to sub-custodians | OCC | 2025-05-07 | https://www.occ.gov/topics/charters-and-licensing/interpretations-and-decisions/2025/int1184.pdf | 2025-05-07-OCC-IL-1184-crypto-custody-and-execution.pdf |
| Interpretive Letter 1186: holding crypto as principal to pay network ("gas") fees | OCC | 2025-11-18 | https://www.occ.gov/topics/charters-and-licensing/interpretations-and-decisions/2025/int1186.pdf | 2025-11-18-OCC-IL-1186-crypto-network-fees.pdf |
| Interpretive Letter 1188: riskless-principal crypto transactions | OCC | 2025-12-09 | https://www.occ.gov/topics/charters-and-licensing/interpretations-and-decisions/2025/int1188.pdf | 2025-12-09-OCC-IL-1188-riskless-principal-crypto.pdf |
| Interpretive Letter 1192: national trust bank (Fidelity Digital Assets, N.A.) need not hold state money-transmitter licenses | OCC | 2026-05-12 | https://www.occ.gov/topics/charters-and-licensing/interpretations-and-decisions/2026/int1192.pdf | 2026-05-12-OCC-IL-1192-state-money-transmitter-preemption-Fidelity-Digital-Assets.pdf |
| Summary of Interpretive Letter 1179 Requests (every formal non-objection request, 2021–2025, and the OCC's response) | OCC | published late 2025 (cited in OCC NR 2025-114, 2025-12-01) | https://www.occ.gov/topics/laws-and-regulations/interpretations-and-precedents/summary-of-interpretive-letter-1179-requests.html | 2025-OCC-summary-of-IL-1179-requests.html |
| Preliminary Findings from the OCC's Review of Large Banks' Debanking Activities | OCC | 2025-12-10 | https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2025/nr-occ-2025-123a.pdf | 2025-12-10-OCC-preliminary-findings-large-bank-debanking.pdf |
| De Novo Bank Charters fact sheet (data as of 2026-08-05) | OCC | 2026-08-11 | https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2026/nr-occ-2026-67a.pdf | 2026-08-OCC-de-novo-charters-fact-sheet.pdf |
| Crypto-Asset Safekeeping by Banks (joint statement) | OCC, FDIC, Fed | 2025-07-14 | https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2025/nr-ia-2025-68a.pdf | 2025-07-14-OCC-FDIC-Fed-joint-statement-crypto-safekeeping.pdf |
OCC: charter decisions for crypto and fintech firms
| Title | Issuer | Date | URL | File |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conditional Approval 1348: Erebor Bank, N.A., Columbus, OH (full-service insured bank) | OCC | 2025-10-15 | https://www.occ.gov/topics/charters-and-licensing/interpretations-and-decisions/2025/ca1348.pdf | 2025-10-15-OCC-CA-1348-Erebor-Bank-conditional-approval.pdf |
| Conditional Approval 1353: BitGo Trust Company converts to national trust bank | OCC | 2025-12-12 | https://www.occ.gov/topics/charters-and-licensing/interpretations-and-decisions/2026/ca1353.pdf | 2025-12-12-OCC-CA-1353-BitGo-conversion.pdf |
| Conditional Approval 1355: Fidelity Digital Asset Services converts to national trust bank | OCC | 2025-12-12 | https://www.occ.gov/topics/charters-and-licensing/interpretations-and-decisions/2026/ca1355.pdf | 2025-12-12-OCC-CA-1355-Fidelity-Digital-Assets-conversion.pdf |
| Conditional Approval 1356: First National Digital Currency Bank, N.A. (Circle) | OCC | 2025-12-12 | https://www.occ.gov/topics/charters-and-licensing/interpretations-and-decisions/2026/ca1356.pdf | 2025-12-12-OCC-CA-1356-First-National-Digital-Currency-Bank-Circle.pdf |
| Conditional Approval 1358: Paxos Trust Company converts to national trust bank | OCC | 2025-12-12 | https://www.occ.gov/topics/charters-and-licensing/interpretations-and-decisions/2026/ca1358.pdf | 2025-12-12-OCC-CA-1358-Paxos-conversion.pdf |
| Conditional Approval 1359: Ripple National Trust Bank | OCC | 2025-12-12 | https://www.occ.gov/topics/charters-and-licensing/interpretations-and-decisions/2026/ca1359.pdf | 2025-12-12-OCC-CA-1359-Ripple-National-Trust-Bank.pdf |
| Corporate Decision 1365: Bridge National Trust Bank (Stripe) | OCC | 2026-02-12 | https://www.occ.gov/topics/charters-and-licensing/interpretations-and-decisions/2026/cd1365.pdf | 2026-02-12-OCC-CD-1365-Bridge-National-Trust-Bank-Stripe.pdf |
| Corporate Decision 1366: National Digital Trust Company (Protego Holdings) | OCC | 2026-02-13 | https://www.occ.gov/topics/charters-and-licensing/interpretations-and-decisions/2026/cd1366.pdf | 2026-02-13-OCC-CD-1366-National-Digital-Trust-Company-Protego.pdf |
| Corporate Decision 1367: Foris DAX National Trust Bank (Crypto.com) | OCC | 2026-02-20 | https://www.occ.gov/topics/charters-and-licensing/interpretations-and-decisions/2026/cd1367.pdf | 2026-02-20-OCC-CD-1367-Foris-DAX-National-Trust-Bank-Crypto-com.pdf |
| Corporate Decision 1370: Coinbase National Trust Company | OCC | 2026-04-02 | https://www.occ.gov/topics/charters-and-licensing/interpretations-and-decisions/2026/cd1370.pdf | 2026-04-02-OCC-CD-1370-Coinbase-National-Trust-Company.pdf |
| Corporate Decision 1372: Mercury Bank, N.A. | OCC | 2026-04-24 | https://www.occ.gov/topics/charters-and-licensing/interpretations-and-decisions/2026/cd1372.pdf | 2026-04-24-OCC-CD-1372-Mercury-Bank-NA.pdf |
| Corporate Decision 1373: Interactive National Trust Bank (Interactive Brokers) | OCC | 2026-05-05 | https://www.occ.gov/topics/charters-and-licensing/interpretations-and-decisions/2026/cd1373.pdf | 2026-05-05-OCC-CD-1373-Interactive-National-Trust-Bank.pdf |
| Corporate Decision 1377: Laser Digital National Trust Bank (Nomura) | OCC | 2026-05-29 | https://www.occ.gov/topics/charters-and-licensing/interpretations-and-decisions/2026/cd1377.pdf | 2026-05-29-OCC-CD-1377-Laser-Digital-National-Trust-Bank-Nomura.pdf |
| Corporate Decision 1378: Morgan Stanley Digital Trust, N.A. | OCC | 2026-06-18 | https://www.occ.gov/topics/charters-and-licensing/interpretations-and-decisions/2026/cd1378.pdf | 2026-06-18-OCC-CD-1378-Morgan-Stanley-Digital-Trust.pdf |
| Corporate Decision 1380: Connectia Trust, N.A. (Sony Bank) | OCC | 2026-07-02 | https://www.occ.gov/topics/charters-and-licensing/interpretations-and-decisions/2026/cd1380.pdf | 2026-07-02-OCC-CD-1380-Connectia-Trust-Sony-Bank.pdf |
| Corporate Decision 1381: Wise National Trust — denied (AML/CFT) | OCC | 2026-07-21 | https://www.occ.gov/topics/charters-and-licensing/interpretations-and-decisions/2026/cd1381.pdf | 2026-07-21-OCC-CD-1381-Wise-National-Trust-DENIED.pdf |
| Corporate Decision 1385: World Liberty Trust Company, N.A. | OCC | 2026-08-14 | https://www.occ.gov/topics/charters-and-licensing/interpretations-and-decisions/2026/cd1385.pdf | 2026-08-14-OCC-CD-1385-World-Liberty-Trust-Company.pdf |
| Corporate Decision 1389: OpenReserve Bank, N.A. (full-service, tokenized deposits) | OCC | 2026-09-02 | https://www.occ.gov/topics/charters-and-licensing/interpretations-and-decisions/2026/cd1389.pdf | 2026-09-02-OCC-CD-1389-OpenReserve-Bank.pdf |
| Corporate Decision 1391: Bastion Platforms Trust Company converts to national bank | OCC | 2026-09-18 | https://www.occ.gov/topics/charters-and-licensing/interpretations-and-decisions/2026/cd1391.pdf | 2026-09-18-OCC-CD-1391-Bastion-Platforms-conversion.pdf |
| Corporate Decision 1392: Catena Trust Bank, N.A. (Catena Labs) | OCC | 2026-09-18 | https://www.occ.gov/topics/charters-and-licensing/interpretations-and-decisions/2026/cd1392.pdf | 2026-09-18-OCC-CD-1392-Catena-Trust-Bank.pdf |
| Corporate Decision 1393: Agora National Trust Bank | OCC | 2026-09-18 | https://www.occ.gov/topics/charters-and-licensing/interpretations-and-decisions/2026/cd1393.pdf | 2026-09-18-OCC-CD-1393-Agora-National-Trust-Bank.pdf |
| Supervisory Condition Letter 2026-01: Anchorage Digital Bank — 2021 Operating Agreement terminated | OCC | 2026-02-09 | https://www.occ.gov/topics/charters-and-licensing/interpretations-and-decisions/2026/scl2026-01.pdf | 2026-02-09-OCC-SCL-2026-01-Anchorage-operating-agreement-terminated.pdf |
OCC news releases (HTML pages)
| Title | Issuer | Date | URL | File |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NR 2025-16 OCC Clarifies Bank Authority to Engage in Certain Cryptocurrency Activities | OCC | 2025-03-07 | https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2025/nr-occ-2025-16.html | OCC-nr-occ-2025-16.html |
| NR 2025-21 OCC Ceases Examinations for Reputation Risk | OCC | 2025-03-20 | https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2025/nr-occ-2025-21.html | OCC-nr-occ-2025-21.html |
| NR 2025-42 OCC Clarifies Bank Authority to Engage in Crypto-Asset Custody and Execution Services | OCC | 2025-05-07 | https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2025/nr-occ-2025-42.html | OCC-nr-occ-2025-42.html |
| NR 2025-68 Agencies Issue Joint Statement on Risk-Management Considerations for Crypto-Asset Safekeeping | OCC, FDIC, Fed | 2025-07-14 | https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2025/nr-ia-2025-68.html | OCC-nr-ia-2025-68.html |
| NR 2025-78 Comptroller Gould statement on EO "Guaranteeing Fair Banking for All Americans" | OCC | 2025-08-07 | https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2025/nr-occ-2025-78.html | OCC-nr-occ-2025-78.html |
| NR 2025-80 Enforcement Actions for August 2025 (terminates Anchorage 2022 cease-and-desist order) | OCC | 2025-08-21 | https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2025/nr-occ-2025-80.html | OCC-nr-occ-2025-80-enforcement-Aug-2025-Anchorage-order-terminated.html |
| NR 2025-84 OCC Announces Actions to Depoliticize the Federal Banking System | OCC | 2025-09-08 | https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2025/nr-occ-2025-84.html | OCC-nr-occ-2025-84.html |
| NR 2025-90 Enforcement Actions for September 2025 (terminates Vast Bank 2023 order) | OCC | 2025-09-18 | https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2025/nr-occ-2025-90.html | OCC-nr-occ-2025-90-enforcement-Vast-Bank-order-terminated.html |
| NR 2025-98 Agencies Issue Proposal to Prohibit Use of Reputation Risk by Regulators | OCC, FDIC | 2025-10-07 | https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2025/nr-ia-2025-98.html | OCC-nr-ia-2025-98.html |
| NR 2025-101 OCC Announces Conditional Approval for Chartering Erebor Bank | OCC | 2025-10-15 | https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2025/nr-occ-2025-101.html | OCC-nr-occ-2025-101.html |
| NR 2025-108 OCC Confirms Bank Authority to Hold Certain Crypto-Assets as Principal to Pay Network Fees | OCC | 2025-11-18 | https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2025/nr-occ-2025-108.html | OCC-nr-occ-2025-108.html |
| NR 2025-114 Comptroller statement on congressional debanking report | OCC | 2025-12-01 | https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2025/nr-occ-2025-114.html | OCC-nr-occ-2025-114.html |
| NR 2025-120 Comptroller Gould Discusses De Novo Charters | OCC | 2025-12-08 | https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2025/nr-occ-2025-120.html | OCC-nr-occ-2025-120.html |
| NR 2025-121 OCC Confirms Bank Authority to Engage in Riskless Principal Crypto-Asset Transactions | OCC | 2025-12-09 | https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2025/nr-occ-2025-121.html | OCC-nr-occ-2025-121.html |
| NR 2025-123 OCC Releases Preliminary Findings from Its Review of Large Banks' Debanking Activities | OCC | 2025-12-10 | https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2025/nr-occ-2025-123.html | OCC-nr-occ-2025-123.html |
| NR 2025-125 OCC Announces Conditional Approvals for Five National Trust Bank Charter Applications | OCC | 2025-12-12 | https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2025/nr-occ-2025-125.html | OCC-nr-occ-2025-125.html |
| NR 2026-9 OCC Requests Comments on Proposal to Implement GENIUS Act | OCC | 2026-02-25 | https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2026/nr-occ-2026-9.html | OCC-nr-occ-2026-9.html |
| NR 2026-25 Agencies Request Comment on AML/CFT Program Proposed Rule | OCC, FDIC, NCUA | 2026-04-07 | https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2026/nr-ia-2026-25.html | OCC-nr-ia-2026-25.html |
| NR 2026-26 Agencies Issue Final Rule to Prohibit Use of Reputation Risk by Regulators | OCC, FDIC | 2026-04-07 | https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2026/nr-ia-2026-26.html | OCC-nr-ia-2026-26.html |
| NR 2026-27 Comptroller statement on final rule eliminating reputation risk | OCC | 2026-04-07 | https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2026/nr-occ-2026-27.html | OCC-nr-occ-2026-27.html |
| NR 2026-45 Agencies Remove Additional References to Reputation Risk | OCC, FDIC, Fed | 2026-06-02 | https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2026/nr-ia-2026-45.html | OCC-nr-ia-2026-45.html |
| NR 2026-47 OCC Clarifies Filing Decision Process (denials to be made public) | OCC | 2026-06-17 | https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2026/nr-occ-2026-47.html | OCC-nr-occ-2026-47.html |
| NR 2026-67 OCC Commends FDIC Reform, Advances Priority to Reinvigorate De Novo Chartering | OCC | 2026-08-11 | https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2026/nr-occ-2026-67.html | OCC-nr-occ-2026-67.html |
| NR 2026-69 Comptroller Gould Discusses Digital Asset Innovation, GENIUS Next Steps | OCC | 2026-08-19 | https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2026/nr-occ-2026-69.html | OCC-nr-occ-2026-69.html |
| NR 2026-71 Agencies Issue Final Rule to Prioritize Material Financial Risks ("unsafe or unsound practice" definition) | OCC, FDIC | 2026-08-27 | https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2026/nr-ia-2026-71.html | OCC-nr-ia-2026-71.html |
Federal Reserve: supervisory letters, orders, enforcement, data
| Title | Issuer | Date | URL | File |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SR 22-6 / CA 22-6 Engagement in Crypto-Asset-Related Activities (stamped withdrawn 2025-04-24) | Fed Board | 2022-08-16 | https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/files/bcreg20250424a3.pdf | 2022-08-16-Fed-SR-22-6-crypto-activities-notification-WITHDRAWN-2025-04-24.pdf |
| Joint Statement on Crypto-Asset Risks to Banking Organizations (stamped withdrawn) | Fed, FDIC, OCC | 2023-01-03 | https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/files/bcreg20250424a1.pdf | 2023-01-03-Fed-FDIC-OCC-joint-statement-crypto-asset-risks-WITHDRAWN-2025-04-24.pdf |
| Joint Statement on Liquidity Risks ... Crypto-Asset Market Vulnerabilities (stamped withdrawn) | Fed, FDIC, OCC | 2023-02-23 | https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/files/bcreg20250424a2.pdf | 2023-02-23-Fed-FDIC-OCC-joint-statement-liquidity-risks-crypto-WITHDRAWN-2025-04-24.pdf |
| SR 23-7 Creation of Novel Activities Supervision Program (stamped withdrawn 2025-08-15) | Fed Board | 2023-08-08 | https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/files/bcreg20250815a1.pdf | 2023-08-08-Fed-SR-23-7-novel-activities-program-WITHDRAWN-2025-08-15.pdf |
| SR 23-8 / CA 23-5 Supervisory Nonobjection Process for Dollar Token Activities (stamped withdrawn) | Fed Board | 2023-08-08 | https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/files/bcreg20250424a4.pdf | 2023-08-08-Fed-SR-23-8-dollar-token-nonobjection-WITHDRAWN-2025-04-24.pdf |
| Order denying Custodia Bank's application for Fed membership (decided 2023-01-27; published 2023-03-24) | Fed Board | 2023-03-24 | https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/files/orders20230324a1.pdf | 2023-01-27-Fed-order-denying-Custodia-membership-published-2023-03-24.pdf |
| Consent order: Silvergate Capital and Silvergate Bank (self-liquidation) | Fed Board, California DFPI | effective 2023-05-23; announced 2023-06-01 | https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/files/enf20230601a1.pdf | 2023-05-23-Fed-Silvergate-consent-order-wind-down.pdf |
| Order of assessment of civil money penalty: Silvergate ($43 million, AML transaction monitoring) | Fed Board | effective 2024-06-04; announced 2024-07-01 | https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/files/enf20240701a1.pdf | 2024-06-04-Fed-Silvergate-civil-money-penalty-order.pdf |
| Written Agreement: Customers Bancorp and Customers Bank (BSA/AML, digital asset strategy) | Fed Bank of Philadelphia | dated 2024-08-05; announced 2024-08-08 | https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/files/enf20240808a1.pdf | 2024-08-05-Fed-Customers-Bancorp-written-agreement.pdf |
| Proposed Payment Account Standard Terms | Fed Board | 2026-05-20 | https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/files/other20260520a2.pdf | 2026-05-20-Fed-proposed-payment-account-standard-terms.pdf |
| Review of the Federal Reserve's Supervision and Regulation of Silicon Valley Bank | Fed Board (Vice Chair Barr) | 2023-04-28 | https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/files/svb-review-20230428.pdf | 2023-04-28-Fed-review-of-supervision-of-Silicon-Valley-Bank.pdf |
| FEDS Notes: "In the Shadow of Bank Runs: Lessons from the Silicon Valley Bank Failure and Its Impact on Stablecoins" | Fed Board staff | 2025-12-17 | https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/in-the-shadow-of-bank-run-lessons-from-the-silicon-valley-bank-failure-and-its-impact-on-stablecoins-20251217.html | 2025-12-17-Fed-FEDS-note-SVB-failure-and-stablecoins.html |
| Master Account and Services Database: access requests (CSV behind the page; page "Last Update" 2026-09-18) | Fed Board | 2026-09-18 | https://www.federalreserve.gov/paymentsystems/account-and-access-disclosure/requestor-data.csv | 2026-09-18-Fed-master-account-database-access-requests.csv |
| Master Account and Services Database: existing access (CSV) | Fed Board | 2026-09-18 | https://www.federalreserve.gov/paymentsystems/account-and-access-disclosure/holder-data.csv | 2026-09-18-Fed-master-account-database-existing-access.csv |
Federal Reserve press releases saved as HTML, each at https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/<id>.htm,
file Fed-<id>.html:
| id | Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| bcreg20220816a | 2022-08-16 | Additional information for banking organizations engaging in crypto-asset-related activities (SR 22-6) |
| bcreg20230103a | 2023-01-03 | Joint statement on crypto-asset risks to banking organizations |
| orders20230127a | 2023-01-27 | Denial of Custodia Bank's application to become a member of the Federal Reserve System |
| bcreg20230223a | 2023-02-23 | Joint statement on liquidity risks from crypto-asset market vulnerabilities |
| orders20230324a | 2023-03-24 | Publication of the Custodia denial order |
| enforcement20230601a | 2023-06-01 | Consent order against Silvergate to facilitate voluntary self-liquidation |
| bcreg20230808a | 2023-08-08 | Novel activities supervision program; dollar-token nonobjection process (SR 23-7, SR 23-8) |
| enforcement20240701a | 2024-07-01 | Silvergate fined $43 million (AML transaction monitoring) |
| enforcement20240726a | 2024-07-26 | Termination of the Silvergate enforcement action |
| enforcement20240808a | 2024-08-08 | Enforcement action with Customers Bancorp and Customers Bank |
| bcreg20250424a | 2025-04-24 | Withdrawal of crypto-asset and dollar-token guidance |
| bcreg20250623a | 2025-06-23 | Reputational risk no longer a component of examination programs |
| bcreg20250815a | 2025-08-15 | Sunset of novel activities supervision program |
| bcreg20251217a | 2025-12-17 | Withdrawal of 2023 section 9(13) policy statement; new policy statement |
| bcreg20251219a | 2025-12-19 | Request for public input on "payment account" |
| bcreg20260223a | 2026-02-23 | Proposal to codify removal of reputation risk |
| other20260520a | 2026-05-20 | Proposed "payment account"; Reserve Banks asked to pause Tier 3 access decisions |
Federal Register (govinfo PDFs)
| Title | Issuer | Date | URL | File |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Guidelines for Evaluating Account and Services Requests, 87 FR 51099, FR Doc 2022-17885 | Fed Board | 2022-08-19 | https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2022-08-19/pdf/2022-17885.pdf | 2022-08-19-FR-Fed-guidelines-for-evaluating-account-and-services-requests.pdf |
| Policy Statement on Section 9(13) of the Federal Reserve Act, 88 FR 7848, FR Doc 2023-02192 | Fed Board | 2023-02-07 | https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2023-02-07/pdf/2023-02192.pdf | 2023-02-07-FR-Fed-policy-statement-section-9-13-2023.pdf |
| Executive Order 14178, Strengthening American Leadership in Digital Financial Technology, 90 FR 8647, FR Doc 2025-02123 | President | 2025-01-31 (signed 2025-01-23) | https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2025-01-31/pdf/2025-02123.pdf | 2025-01-31-FR-EO-14178-Strengthening-American-Leadership-in-Digital-Financial-Technology.pdf |
| Executive Order 14331, Guaranteeing Fair Banking for All Americans, 90 FR 38925, FR Doc 2025-15341 | President | 2025-08-12 (signed 2025-08-07) | https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2025-08-12/pdf/2025-15341.pdf | 2025-08-12-FR-EO-14331-Guaranteeing-Fair-Banking-for-All-Americans.pdf |
| Policy Statement on Section 9(13) of the Federal Reserve Act (2025; rescinds 2023 statement), 90 FR 59731, FR Doc 2025-23548 | Fed Board | 2025-12-22 | https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2025-12-22/pdf/2025-23548.pdf | 2025-12-22-FR-Fed-policy-statement-section-9-13-2025.pdf |
| Request for Information and Comment on Reserve Bank Payment Account Prototype, 90 FR 60096, FR Doc 2025-23712 | Fed Board | 2025-12-23 | https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2025-12-23/pdf/2025-23712.pdf | 2025-12-23-FR-Fed-payment-account-prototype-RFI.pdf |
| Prohibition on Use of Reputation Risk or Other Supervisory Tools ... (proposed rule), 91 FR 9499, FR Doc 2026-03818 | Fed Board | 2026-02-26 | https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2026-02-26/pdf/2026-03818.pdf | 2026-02-26-FR-Fed-proposed-rule-reputation-risk-prohibition.pdf |
| Prohibition on the Use of Reputation Risk by Regulators (final rule; effective 2026-06-09), 91 FR 18279, FR Doc 2026-06947 | OCC, FDIC | 2026-04-10 | https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2026-04-10/pdf/2026-06947.pdf | 2026-04-10-FR-OCC-FDIC-final-rule-prohibition-on-reputation-risk.pdf |
| Proposed Revisions to the Federal Reserve Policy on Payment System Risk and the Guidelines for Account and Services Requests (payment account), 91 FR 30627, FR Doc 2026-10375 | Fed Board | 2026-05-26 | https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2026-05-26/pdf/2026-10375.pdf | 2026-05-26-FR-Fed-proposed-payment-account-and-account-guidelines.pdf |
FDIC and FDIC Office of Inspector General
| Title | Issuer | Date | URL | File |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FIL-32-2005 Interpretive Guidance on Providing Banking Services to Money Services Businesses (cover letter and guidance text) | FDIC, Fed, OCC, OTS, NCUA, FinCEN | 2005-04-26 | https://www.fdic.gov/news/financial-institution-letters/2005/fil3205.html ; https://www.fdic.gov/news/financial-institution-letters/2005/fil3205a.html | 2005-04-26-FDIC-FIL-32-2005-interagency-guidance-banking-MSBs.html, 2005-04-26-FDIC-FIL-32-2005a-guidance-text-banking-MSBs.html |
| FIL-16-2022 Notification of Engaging in Crypto-Related Activities | FDIC | 2022-04-07 | https://www.fdic.gov/news/financial-institution-letters/2022/fil22016.html | 2022-04-07-FDIC-FIL-16-2022-crypto-notification.html |
| Subsidiary of New York Community Bancorp to Assume Deposits of Signature Bridge Bank (excludes ~$4B digital-asset deposits) | FDIC | 2023-03-19 | https://www.fdic.gov/news/press-releases/2023/pr23021.html | 2023-03-19-FDIC-Flagstar-assumes-Signature-deposits-excl-digital-asset.html |
| FDIC Releases Report Detailing Supervision of the Former Signature Bank (release) | FDIC | 2023-04-28 | https://www.fdic.gov/news/press-releases/2023/pr23033.html | 2023-04-28-FDIC-release-Signature-supervision-report.html |
| FDIC's Supervision of Signature Bank (report) | FDIC Chief Risk Officer | 2023-04-28 | https://www.fdic.gov/news/press-releases/2023/pr23033a.pdf | 2023-04-28-FDIC-supervision-of-Signature-Bank.pdf |
| FDIC Strategies Related to Crypto-Asset Risks, EVAL-24-01 (redacted) | FDIC OIG | 2023-10-17 | https://www.fdicoig.gov/sites/default/files/reports/2024-02/EVAL-24-01-Redacted_0.pdf | 2023-10-17-FDIC-OIG-EVAL-24-01-FDIC-strategies-crypto-asset-risks.pdf |
| Material Loss Review of Signature Bank of New York, EVAL-24-02 | FDIC OIG | 2023-10 | https://www.fdicoig.gov/sites/default/files/reports/2023-10/EVAL-24-02.pdf | 2023-10-FDIC-OIG-EVAL-24-02-material-loss-review-Signature-Bank.pdf |
| FDIC Releases Documents Related to Supervision of Crypto-Related Activities (Acting Chairman Hill statement) | FDIC | 2025-02-05 | https://www.fdic.gov/news/press-releases/2025/fdic-releases-documents-related-supervision-crypto-related-activities | 2025-02-05-FDIC-releases-175-crypto-supervision-documents.html |
| FIL-7-2025 FDIC Clarifies Process for Banks to Engage in Crypto-Related Activities (rescinds FIL-16-2022) | FDIC | 2025-03-28 | https://www.fdic.gov/news/financial-institution-letters/2025/fdic-clarifies-process-banks-engage-crypto-related | 2025-03-28-FDIC-FIL-7-2025-rescinds-FIL-16-2022.html |
| FDIC Approves the Deposit Insurance Application for Erebor Bank, N.A. | FDIC | 2025-12-16 | https://www.fdic.gov/news/press-releases/2025/fdic-approves-deposit-insurance-application-erebor-bank-na-columbus-ohio | 2025-12-16-FDIC-approves-deposit-insurance-Erebor-Bank.html |
Courts
| Title | Issuer | Date | URL | File |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Custodia Bank, Inc. v. Federal Reserve Board of Governors, No. 1:22-cv-00125-SWS, Order granting in part and denying in part motions to dismiss (ECF 102) | U.S. District Court, D. Wyoming | 2022-11-11 | https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-wyd-1_22-cv-00125/pdf/USCOURTS-wyd-1_22-cv-00125-0.pdf | 2022-11-11-D-Wyo-Custodia-v-Fed-order-on-motions-to-dismiss.pdf |
| Custodia Bank, Inc. v. Federal Reserve Board of Governors, No. 24-8024 (published opinion, Ebel, J.; Tymkovich, J., dissenting) | U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit | 2025-10-31 | https://www.ca10.uscourts.gov/sites/ca10/files/opinions/010111327582.pdf | 2025-10-31-CA10-Custodia-v-Fed-No-24-8024-opinion.pdf |
| Same case: order denying rehearing en banc, with Tymkovich, J., dissenting (joined by Eid, J.) | U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit | 2026-03-13 | https://www.ca10.uscourts.gov/sites/ca10/files/opinions/010111400884.pdf | 2026-03-13-CA10-Custodia-v-Fed-en-banc-denied-with-dissent.pdf |
Congress
| Title | Issuer | Date | URL | File |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| New York Department of Financial Services Signature Bank Report (committee summary) | House Financial Services Committee | 2023-05-02 | https://financialservices.house.gov/uploadedfiles/2023.05.02_-_nydfs_signature_bank_report_summary.pdf | 2023-05-02-House-FSC-summary-of-NYDFS-Signature-report.pdf |
| S. Hrg. 119-364, Investigating the Real Impacts of Debanking in America (hearing transcript) | Senate Banking Committee (printed by GPO 2026) | hearing 2025-02-05 | https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-119shrg63425/html/CHRG-119shrg63425.htm | 2025-02-05-Senate-Banking-S-Hrg-119-364-debanking-hearing.html |
| Meuser: The Biden Administration's Operation Choke Point 2.0 ... (hearing release) | House Financial Services Committee (majority) | 2025-02-06 | https://financialservices.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=409457 | 2025-02-06-House-FSC-Meuser-Choke-Point-2-0-hearing-release.html |
| "Operation Choke Point 2.0: Biden's Debanking of Digital Assets" (majority staff report) | House Financial Services Committee (majority staff) | 2025-12-01 | https://financialservices.house.gov/UploadedFiles/2025-11-30_--_FSC_Debanking_Report_FINAL_1.pdf | 2025-12-01-House-FSC-majority-staff-report-Operation-Choke-Point-2-0.pdf |
| Release on the final staff report | House Financial Services Committee (majority) | 2025-12-01 | https://financialservices.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=410927 | 2025-12-01-House-FSC-release-final-staff-report-debanking.html |
State
| Title | Issuer | Date | URL | File |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Special Purpose Depository Institutions (program page: statute citations, "four SPDI charters" approved) | Wyoming Division of Banking | page undated; retrieved 2026-10-09 | https://wyomingbankingdivision.wyo.gov/banks-and-trust-companies/special-purpose-depository-institutions | Wyoming-Division-of-Banking-SPDI-page.html |