Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)

A research archive on Bitcoin compiled in October 2026: US federal and state law (FinCEN's virtual-currency record from 1999, the 2020 unhosted-wallet rule and its 2026 withdrawal, notes on all 50 states and DC), KYC/AML for buying and selling, banking, exchanges, wallets, payment processors, hacks and their causes, patents, the 2007–2011 origins, and the evidence on who Satoshi Nakamoto is. Every note dates and cites its claims and labels anything unverified, contested or fringe. Government, court and patent records are kept here in full; other sources are cited with a link to the original. Filter by case to pick a topic, such as fincen, states or notes. Download it all as a dataset. Research, not advice. These notes explain what happened and why; they are not recommendations to buy or sell. Statuses of bills and rules are as checked on the date each note gives.

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155 documents · case: fincen

FIN-2019-G001: Application of FinCEN's Regulations to Certain Business Models Involving Convertible Virtual Currencies

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Fincen · snapshot 2019-05-09

FinCEN. 2019-05-09. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: F I N C E N G U I D A N C E FIN-2019-G001 Issued: May 9, 2019 Subject: Application of FinCEN’s Regulations to Certain Business Models Involving Convertible Virtual Currencies The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) is issuing this interpretive guidance to remind persons subject to the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) how FinCEN regulations relating to money services businesses (MSBs) apply to certain business models1 involving money transmission denominated in value that substitutes for currency, specifically, convertible virtual currencies (CVCs).2 This guidanc…

FIN-2019-A006: Advisory on illicit financial schemes related to fentanyl and synthetic opioids (CVC section)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Fincen · snapshot 2019-08-21

FinCEN. 2019-08-21. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: FIN-2019-A006 August 21, 2019 Advisory to Financial Institutions on Illicit Financial Schemes and Methods Related to the Trafficking of Fentanyl and Other Synthetic Opioids Transnational criminal organizations (TCOs), foreign fentanyl suppliers, and Internet purchasers located in the United States engage in the trafficking of fentanyl, fentanyl analogues, and other synthetic opioids and the subsequent laundering of the proceeds from such illegal sales.…

Leaders of CFTC, FinCEN, and SEC Joint Statement on Activities Involving Digital Assets

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Fincen · snapshot 2019-10-11

CFTC, FinCEN, SEC (agency heads). 2019-10-11. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Heath Tarbert, Chairman, U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) Kenneth A. Blanco, Director, Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) Jay Clayton, Chairman, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Leaders of CFTC, FinCEN, and SEC Issue Joint Statement on Activities Involving Digital Assets October 11, 2019 Washington, DC – The leaders of the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Net…

FIN-2020-Alert001: CVC scam involving Twitter

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Fincen · snapshot 2020-07-16

FinCEN. 2020-07-16. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: FIN-2020-Alert001 July 16, 2020 FinCEN Alerts Financial Institutions to Convertible Virtual Currency Scam Involving Twitter FinCEN is emphasizing a high-profile scam exploiting Twitter accounts to solicit fraudulent payments denominated in convertible virtual currency (CVC). Cyber threat actors compromised the accounts of public figures, organizations, and financial institutions to solicit payments to CVC accounts, claiming that any CVC sent to a wallet address would be doubled and returned to the sender. If you re…

FIN-2020-A005: Advisory on cybercrime exploiting COVID-19 (CVC mentions)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Fincen · snapshot 2020-07-30

FinCEN. 2020-07-30. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: FIN-2020-A005 July 30, 2020 Advisory on Cybercrime and Cyber-Enabled Crime Exploiting the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic Detecting, preventing, and reporting illicit transactions and cyber activity will help protect legitimate relief efforts for the COVID-19 pandemic and help protect financial institutions and their customers against malicious cybercriminals and nation-state actors. This Advisory should be shared with: Introduction • Chief Executive Officer…

FIN-2020-A006: Advisory on Ransomware (rescinded Nov 8, 2021)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Fincen · snapshot 2020-10-01

FinCEN. 2020-10-01. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: FIN-2020-A006 This document has been rescinded. October 1, 2020 Advisory on Ransomware and the Use of the Financial System to Facilitate Ransom Payments Detecting and reporting ransomware payments are vital to prevent and deter cybercriminals from deploying malicious software to extort individuals and businesses and hold ransomware attackers accountable for their crimes. This Advisory should be shared with: Introduction • Chief Executiv…

FIN-2020-A008: Supplemental advisory on human trafficking (virtual currency typologies)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Fincen · snapshot 2020-10-15

FinCEN. 2020-10-15. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: FIN-2020-A008 October 15, 2020 Supplemental Advisory on Identifying and Reporting Human Trafficking and Related Activity Human traffickers and their facilitators exploit the innocent and most vulnerable of our society for financial gain, employing an evolving range of money laundering tactics to evade detection, hide their proceeds, and grow their criminal enterprise. The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network This Advis…

Assessment: In the Matter of Larry Dean Harmon d/b/a Helix (No. 2020-2)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Fincen · snapshot 2020-10-19

FinCEN. 2020-10-19. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY IN THE MATTER OF: Number 2020-2 Larry Dean Harmon d/b/a Helix Akron, Ohio ASSESSMENT OF CIVIL MONEY PENALTY I. INTRODUCTION The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) has determined that grounds exist to assess a civil money penalty against Larry Dean Harmon, as the primary operator of Helix, and as the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and primary operator…

Joint NPRM (Fed + FinCEN): $250 cross-border threshold for Recordkeeping/Travel Rules; CVC is 'money' (85 FR 68005) (Part 2 of 2)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Fincen · snapshot 2020-10-27

Federal Reserve Board and FinCEN. 2020-10-27. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: institutions, 15 agreement corporations, allows individual users to move value number 1506–0058, FinCEN estimates and 168 foreign banking organizations). According to the National Credit Union Administration, there nearly instantaneously to anywhere in that the recordkeeping burden per were 5,236 federally regulated cr…

NPRM: Requirements for Certain Transactions Involving CVC or Digital Assets ('unhosted wallet' rule) (85 FR 83840) (Part 1 of 2)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Fincen · snapshot 2020-12-23

FinCEN. 2020-12-23. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: 83840 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 247 / Wednesday, December 23, 2020 / Proposed Rules normal business hours at the office of RNAV PBN capabilities would also be Procedures’’ prior to any FAA final the Operations Support Group, Central able to navigate point to point using the regulatory action. Service Center, Federal Aviation existing fixes that will rem…

NPRM: Requirements for Certain Transactions Involving CVC or Digital Assets ('unhosted wallet' rule) (85 FR 83840) (Part 2 of 2)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Fincen · snapshot 2020-12-23

FinCEN. 2020-12-23. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: enforcement, financial institutions, and electronic recordkeeping based on the requirement, or the benefits to law members of the public: fact that such recordkeeping is the enforcement from the data obtained practical way in which business…

FinCEN Notice 2020-2: FBAR Filing Requirement for Virtual Currency

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Fincen · snapshot 2020-12-31

FinCEN. 2020-12-31. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBAR) Filing Requirement for Virtual Currency FinCEN Notice 2020-2 Currently, the Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBAR) regulations do not define a foreign account holding virtual currency as a type of reportable account. (See 31 CFR 1010.350(c)). For that reason, at this time, a foreign account holding virtual currency is not reportable on the FBAR (unless it is a reportable account under 31 C.F.R. 1010.350 because it holds reportable assets besides virtual currency). How…

Unhosted wallet NPRM: reopening of comment period (86 FR 3897)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Fincen · snapshot 2021-01-15

FinCEN. 2021-01-15. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 10 / Friday, January 15, 2021 / Proposed Rules 3897 Persons wishing the FAA to CFR) part 71 to establish Class E Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(f), 106(g); 40103, acknowledge receipt of their comments airspace extending upward from 700 40113, 40120; E.O. 10854, 24 FR 9565, 3 CFR, on this action must submit with those feet above the surface at Tobey Hospital 1959–1963 Comp., p. 389.…

Unhosted wallet NPRM: extension of comment period to Mar 29, 2021 (86 FR 7352)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Fincen · snapshot 2021-01-28

FinCEN. 2021-01-28. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: 7352 Proposed Rules Federal Register Vol. 86, No. 17 Thursday, January 28, 2021 This section of the FEDERAL REGISTER the NPRM’s proposed recordkeeping currency transaction reports, and (ii) contains notices to the…

Anti-Money Laundering and Countering the Financing of Terrorism National Priorities (includes virtual currency section)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Fincen · snapshot 2021-06-30

FinCEN. 2021-06-30. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Financial Crimes Enforcement Network U.S. Department of the Treasury Anti-Money Laundering and Countering the Financing of Terrorism National Priorities June 30, 2021 The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN),1 after consulting with the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s (Treasury’s) Offices of Terrorist Financing and Financial Crimes, Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), and Intelligence and Analysis, as well as the Attorney Genera…

Financial Trend Analysis: Ransomware Trends in BSA Data, Jan-Jun 2021

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Fincen · snapshot 2021-10-15

FinCEN. 2021-10-15. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: i F I N A N C I A L T R E N D A N A L Y S I S Ransomware Trends in Bank Secrecy Act Data Between January 2021 and June 2021 This Financial Trend Analysis focuses on ransomware pattern and trend information identified in Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) data. This report is issued pursuant to Section 6206 of the Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020 (AMLA) which requires the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) to periodically publish threat pattern and trend information derived from financ…

FIN-2021-A004: Advisory on Ransomware and the Use of the Financial System to Facilitate Ransom Payments

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Fincen · snapshot 2021-11-08

FinCEN. 2021-11-08. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: FIN-2021-A004 November 8, 2021 Advisory on Ransomware and the Use of the Financial System to Facilitate Ransom Payments Detecting and reporting ransomware payments are vital to holding ransomware attackers accountable for their crimes and preventing the laundering of ransomware proceeds. This Advisory should be shared Introduction with: The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN)…

FIN-2022-Alert001: Potential Russian sanctions evasion attempts (CVC red flags)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Fincen · snapshot 2022-03-07

FinCEN. 2022-03-07. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: FIN-2022-Alert001 March 7, 2022 FinCEN Advises Increased Vigilance for Potential Russian Sanctions Evasion Attempts The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) is alerting all financial institutions1 to be vigilant against efforts to evade the expansive sanctions and other U.S.-imposed restrictions implemented in connection with the Russian Federation’s further invasion of Ukraine.2 The United States is committed to supporting Ukraine, and, along with key U.S. partners and…

FIN-2022-A002: Advisory on Elder Financial Exploitation (CVC mentions)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Fincen · snapshot 2022-06-15

FinCEN. 2022-06-15. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: FIN-2022-A002 June 15, 2022 Advisory on Elder Financial Exploitation Amid rampant fraud and abuse targeting older adults, FinCEN urges financial institutions to detect, prevent, and report suspicious financial transactions. Elder financial exploitation (EFE) is Introduction defined as the illegal or improper use of an older adult’s funds, The Financial Crimes Enforc…