Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)

A research archive on Bitcoin compiled in October 2026: US federal and state law (FinCEN's virtual-currency record from 1999, the 2020 unhosted-wallet rule and its 2026 withdrawal, notes on all 50 states and DC), KYC/AML for buying and selling, banking, exchanges, wallets, payment processors, hacks and their causes, patents, the 2007–2011 origins, and the evidence on who Satoshi Nakamoto is. Every note dates and cites its claims and labels anything unverified, contested or fringe. Government, court and patent records are kept here in full; other sources are cited with a link to the original. Filter by case to pick a topic, such as fincen, states or notes. Download it all as a dataset. Research, not advice. These notes explain what happened and why; they are not recommendations to buy or sell. Statuses of bills and rules are as checked on the date each note gives.

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1030 documents

People v. Mek Global Ltd. & Phoenixfin Pte Ltd d/b/a KuCoin, N.Y. Sup. Ct. Index 450703/2023, Stipulation and Consent

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Exchanges · snapshot 2023-12

NY Attorney General. 2023-12. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK COUNTY OF NEW YORK PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, by LETITIA JAMES, Attorney General of the State ofNew York, STIPULATION AND CONSENT - against - Index No. 450703/2023 IAS Part 46 Assigned to Justice Latin MEK GLOBAL LI MITED and PHOEN IXFIN PTE LIMITED d/b/a KUCOIN, Respondents. WHEREAS on March 9, 2023, Petitione…

Consent Order, In re Robinhood Crypto, LLC ($30M)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Exchanges · snapshot 2022-08

NYDFS. 2022-08. Citation only: the text is not republished here (rights not cleared for republication (host www.skadden.com)). Original: https://www.skadden.com/-/media/files/publications/2022/08/the-distributed-ledger/the-consent-order-from-nydfs-agreed-to-by-rhc.pdf

Consent Order, In re Coinbase, Inc. ($50M penalty + $50M compliance investment)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Exchanges · snapshot 2023-01-04

NYDFS. 2023-01-04. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF FINANCIAL SERVICES ONE STATE STREET NEW YORK, NEW YORK 10004 ------------------------------------------------------x In the Matter of: : COINBASE, INC., : Respondent. : ------------------------------------------------------x CONSENT ORDER The New York State Department of Financial Services (the “Dep…

Consent Order, In re Block, Inc. d/b/a Block of Delaware ($40M; Cash App incl. bitcoin)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Exchanges · snapshot 2025-04-10

NYDFS. 2025-04-10. Citation only: the text is not republished here (rights not cleared for republication (host www.fireblocks.com)). Original: https://www.fireblocks.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Consent-order-levied-against-Block-Inc.-by-NYDFS.pdf

OFAC enforcement web notice: Payward, Inc. (Kraken), $362,158.70, Iran

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Exchanges · snapshot 2022-11-28

OFAC. 2022-11-28. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Enforcement Release: November 28, 2022 OFAC Settles with Virtual Currency Exchange Kraken for $362,158.70 Related to Apparent Violations of the Iranian Transactions and Sanctions Regulations Payward, Inc. d/b/a Kraken (“Kraken”), a Delaware-incorporated virtual currency exchange with operations in the United States and elsewhere, has agreed to pay $362,158.70 to settle its potential civil liability for apparent violations of the Iranian Transactions and Sanctions Regulations. As part of its settlement with OFAC, Kraken also has agreed to invest an additional $100,000 in certain…

OFAC settlement agreement with Binance Holdings Ltd.

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Exchanges · snapshot 2023-11-21

OFAC. 2023-11-21. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: , , ·::,o,-""':- 1'. 'o: ·.\ DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY !~.,..,.. _........ "',· WASHINGTON, O.C. 20220 ~ .! ,..., ~ ".,,' SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT This settlement agreement (the "Agreement") with respect to COMPL is made by and between the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OF AC) and Binance Holdings, Ltd. ("Binance") and any of i_ts assignees, parent corporations,…

"Oregon Attorney General Rayfield Sues Coinbase…"

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Exchanges · snapshot 2025-04-18

Oregon DOJ. 2025-04-18. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Oregon Attorney General Rayfield Sues Coinbase for Promoting and Selling High-Risk Investments - Oregon Department of Justice : Media Skip to main content Inquiries Oregon Department of Justice Media Department Communications and General Information Choose to search: Media or All DOJ Attorney General Child Support Consumer Protection Charities Victims & Survivors Media News & Media Releases All Oregon DOJ News Media Releases DOJ History History & Statistics Databases Downloadable Resources Data Breaches Database » Consumer Complaints Database » Charit…

United States v. Peken Global Ltd. d/b/a KuCoin (S.D.N.Y.), plea agreement attachments (compliance-consultant framework, statement of facts, forfeiture)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Exchanges · snapshot 2025-01-27

DOJ / court filing. 2025-01-27. Citation only: the text is not republished here (rights not cleared for republication (host www.gibsondunn.com)). Original: https://www.gibsondunn.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/2289000-2289576-u.s._v._kucoin_plea_agreement_and_attachments.pdf

Tennessee Public Chapter 766, Acts of 2026 (HB 2505) — virtual currency kiosk ban (also saved by another researcher at sources/kyc-aml/)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Exchanges · snapshot 2026-04

Tennessee Secretary of State. 2026-04. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: :11·E·s·•.. ~/f,1 ••. :l~t(AGR ~ ~lr. .i'h ; ..... ~tate of \!tennessee PUBLIC CHAPTER NO. 766 HOUSE BILL NO. 2505 By Mr. Speaker Sexton, Representatives Reedy, Lamberth, Brock Martin, Todd Substituted for: Senate Bill No. 2251…

Bulletin C-26-1, Public Chapter 766 regarding virtual currency kiosks

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Exchanges · snapshot 2026-06-04

Tennessee Dept. of Financial Institutions. 2026-06-04. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Virtual Currency Kiosks Skip to Main Content Go to TN.gov Go to TN.gov Section Go to Financial Institutions (TDFI) About Us Commissioner's Corner Interest Rates Annual Report Careers Employee Information How Do I? Apply for a Charter Use the Terms, Bank or Trust in a Business Name Get Licensed Renew a License File a Complaint Find an Interest Rate Request Public Records Apply for Employment Contact Us Who We Regulate…

Treasury press release jy1925 (FinCEN $3.4B, OFAC $968M)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Exchanges · snapshot 2023-11-21

U.S. Treasury. 2023-11-21. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: U.S. Treasury Announces Largest Settlements in History with World’s Largest Virtual Currency Exchange Binance for Violations of U.S. Anti-Money Laundering and Sanctions Laws | U.S. Department of the Treasury Skip to main content An official website of the United States government Here's how you know Here's how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock () or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information o…

Statement of Charges No. C-26-4341-26-SC01, GPD Holdings LLC; Benjamin Weiss

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Exchanges · snapshot 2026-09

Washington DFI. 2026-09. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: ORDER SUMMARY Consumer Services Division Case Number C-26-4341 Statements of Charges allege wrongdoing by a company or individual. DFI issues Statements of Charges to tell the company or individual: • They have been investigated • DFI is making allegations against them • What the allegations are • What consequences could follow DFI informs the company or individual of their rights at this time. The company or individual can respond to the Charges. They also have the right to contest the Charges at an administrative hearing. Table 1 Identi…

"Washington State DFI Takes Action Against CoinFlip"

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Exchanges · snapshot 2026-09-03

Washington DFI. 2026-09-03. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Washington State DFI Takes Action Against CoinFlip Skip to main content Menu 1-877-746-4334 | Español File Complaint | Verify License | Contact Us Search this site Search Menu Search this site Search Main menu For Consumers For Industry News & Alerts Laws & Enforcement Publications About DFI File a Complaint Verify a License Contact Us 1-877-746-4334 Monday - Friday, 8 am - 5 pm Pacific Home…

United States v. Binance Holdings Ltd., W.D. Wash. No. 2:23-cr-00178-RAJ, Doc. 23 ("complete Binance plea – filed"; 97 pp; scanned images, no text layer)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Exchanges · snapshot 2023-11-21

DOJ / court filing. 2023-11-21. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Case 2:23-cr-00178-RAJ Document 23 Filed 11/21/23 Page 1 of 35 Case 2:23-cr-00178-RAJ Document 23 Filed 11/21/23 Page 2 of 35 Case 2:23-cr-00178-RAJ Document 23 Filed 11/21/23 Page 3 of 35 Case 2:23-cr-00178-RAJ Document 23 Filed 11/21/23 Page 4 of 35 Case 2:23-cr-00178-RAJ Document 23 Filed 11/21/23 Page 5 of 35 Case 2:23-cr-00178-RAJ Document 23 Filed 11/21/23 Page 6 of 35 Case 2:23-cr-00178-RAJ Document 23 Filed 11/21/23 Page 7 of 35 Case 2:23-cr-00178-RAJ Document 23 Filed 11/21/23 Page 8 of 35 Case 2:23-cr-00178-RAJ Document 23 Filed 11/21/23 Page 9 of 35 Case 2:23-cr-00178-RAJ D…

Threshold for the Requirement To Collect, Retain, and Transmit Information on Funds Transfers and Transmittals of Funds ... (travel-rule NPRM), 85 FR 68005, FR Doc 2020-23756, RIN 1506-AB41

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Fincen Wallet Rule · snapshot 2020-10-27

Federal Reserve Board and FinCEN. 2020-10-27. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Federal Register, Volume 85 Issue 208 (Tuesday, October 27, 2020) [Federal Register Volume 85, Number 208 (Tuesday, October 27, 2020)] [Proposed Rules] [Pages 68005-68019] From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov] [FR Doc No: 2020-23756] ======================================================================= ----------------------------------------------------------------------- DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Financial Crimes Enforcement Network 31 CFR Parts 1010 and 1020 [Docket No. FINCEN-2020-0002 ; RIN 1506-AB41] Threshold for the Requirement To…

The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network Proposes Rule Aimed at Closing Anti-Money Laundering Regulatory Gaps for Certain Convertible Virtual Currency and Digital Asset Transactions (sm1216)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Fincen Wallet Rule · snapshot 2020-12-18

Treasury. 2020-12-18. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network Proposes Rule Aimed at Closing Anti-Money Laundering Regulatory Gaps for Certain Convertible Virtual Currency and Digital Asset Transactions | U.S. Department of the Treasury Skip to main content An official website of the United States government Here's how you know Here's how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock () or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive infor…

Requirements for Certain Transactions Involving Convertible Virtual Currency or Digital Assets (NPRM), 85 FR 83840, FR Doc 2020-28437, RIN 1506-AB47

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Fincen Wallet Rule · snapshot 2020-12-23

Treasury / FinCEN. 2020-12-23 (filed 2020-12-18). Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Federal Register, Volume 85 Issue 247 (Wednesday, December 23, 2020) [Federal Register Volume 85, Number 247 (Wednesday, December 23, 2020)] [Proposed Rules] [Pages 83840-83862] From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov] [FR Doc No: 2020-28437] ======================================================================= ----------------------------------------------------------------------- DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Financial Crimes Enforcement Network 31 CFR Parts 1010, 1020, and 1022 RIN 1506-AB47 Requirements for Certain Transactions Involving Con…

Same title; reopening of comment period, 86 FR 3897, FR Doc 2021-01016

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Fincen Wallet Rule · snapshot 2021-01-15

Treasury / FinCEN. 2021-01-15. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Federal Register, Volume 86 Issue 10 (Friday, January 15, 2021) [Federal Register Volume 86, Number 10 (Friday, January 15, 2021)] [Proposed Rules] [Pages 3897-3899] From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov] [FR Doc No: 2021-01016] ======================================================================= ----------------------------------------------------------------------- DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Financial Crimes Enforcement Network 31 CFR Parts 1010, 1020, and 1022 RIN 1506-AB47 Requirements for Certain Transactions Involving Convertible Vir…

Same title; extension of comment period, 86 FR 7352, FR Doc 2021-01918

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Fincen Wallet Rule · snapshot 2021-01-28

Treasury / FinCEN. 2021-01-28. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Federal Register, Volume 86 Issue 17 (Thursday, January 28, 2021) [Federal Register Volume 86, Number 17 (Thursday, January 28, 2021)] [Proposed Rules] [Page 7352] From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov] [FR Doc No: 2021-01918] ======================================================================== Proposed Rules Federal Register ________________________________________________________________________ This section of the FEDERAL REGISTER contains notices to the public of the proposed issuance…