Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)

A research archive on Bitcoin compiled in October 2026: US federal and state law (FinCEN's virtual-currency record from 1999, the 2020 unhosted-wallet rule and its 2026 withdrawal, notes on all 50 states and DC), KYC/AML for buying and selling, banking, exchanges, wallets, payment processors, hacks and their causes, patents, the 2007–2011 origins, and the evidence on who Satoshi Nakamoto is. Every note dates and cites its claims and labels anything unverified, contested or fringe. Government, court and patent records are kept here in full; other sources are cited with a link to the original. Filter by case to pick a topic, such as fincen, states or notes. Download it all as a dataset. Research, not advice. These notes explain what happened and why; they are not recommendations to buy or sell. Statuses of bills and rules are as checked on the date each note gives.

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1030 documents

Implementing Phishing-Resistant MFA (fact sheet)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Hacks · snapshot 2022-10

CISA. 2022-10. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Implementing Phishing-Resistant MFA October 2022 OVERVIEW This fact sheet is intended to provide for IT leaders and network defenders an improved understanding of current threats against accounts and systems that use multifactor authentication (MFA). MFA is a security control that requires a user to present a combination of two or more different authenticators (something you know, something you have, or something you are) to verify their identity for…

First Interim Report of John J. Ray III … on Control Failures at the FTX Exchanges (Exhibit A, Doc. 1242-1)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Hacks · snapshot 2023-04-09

2023-04-09. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Case 22-11068-JTD Doc 1242-1 Filed 04/09/23 Page 1 of 43 Exhibit A Case 22-11068-JTD Doc 1242-1 Filed 04/09/23 Page 2 of 43 FIRST INTERIM REPORT OF JOHN J. RAY III TO THE INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS ON CONTROL FAILURES AT THE FTX EXCHANGES April 9, 2023 Case 22-11068-JTD Doc 1242-1 Filed 04/09/23 Page 3 of 43 TABLE OF CONTENTS…

Notice of Filing First Interim Report of John J. Ray III to the Independent Directors on Control Failures at the FTX Exchanges, In re FTX Trading Ltd., No. 22-11068 (JTD), Doc. 1242

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Hacks · snapshot 2023-04-09

2023-04-09. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Case 22-11068-JTD Doc 1242 Filed 04/09/23 Page 1 of 2 IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF DELAWARE In re: Chapter 11 FTX TRADING LTD., et al., 1 Case No. 22-11068 (JTD) Debtors. (Jointly Administered) NOTICE OF FILING FIRST INTERIM REPORT OF JOHN J. RAY III TO THE INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS ON…

Defendant Ilya Lichtenstein's Statement of the Offense and Related Conduct, United States v. Lichtenstein, No. 23-cr-239 (CKK), ECF 95

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Hacks · snapshot 2023-08-03

2023-08-03. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Case 1:23-cr-00239-CKK Document 95 Filed 08/03/23 Page 1 of 14 Case 1:23-cr-00239-CKK Document 95 Filed 08/03/23 Page 2 of 14 Case 1:23-cr-00239-CKK Document 95 Filed 08/03/23 Page 3 of 14 Case 1:23-cr-00239-CKK Document 95 Filed 08/03/23 Page 4 of 14 Case 1:23-cr-00239-CKK Document 95 Filed 08/03/23 Page 5 of 14 Case 1:23-cr-00239-CKK Document 95 Filed 08/03/23 Page 6 of 14 Case 1:23-cr-00239-CKK Document 95 Filed 08/03/23 Page 7 of 14 Case 1:23-cr-00239-CKK Document 95 Filed 08/03/23 Page 8 of 14 Case 1:23-cr-00239-CKK Document 95 Filed 08/03/23 Page 9 of 14 Case 1:23-cr-00239-CKK D…

Protecting Consumers from SIM Swap and Port-Out Fraud, Report and Order and FNPRM (FCC 23-95, WC Docket 21-341) (Part 1 of 3)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Hacks · snapshot 2023-11-15

Federal Communications Commission. adopted 2023-11-15, released 2023-11-16. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Federal Communications Commission FCC 23-95 Before the Federal Communications Commission Washington, D.C. 20554 In the Matter of ) ) Protecting Consumers from SIM Swap and Port- ) WC Docket No. 21-341 Out Fraud…

Protecting Consumers from SIM Swap and Port-Out Fraud, Report and Order and FNPRM (FCC 23-95, WC Docket 21-341) (Part 2 of 3)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Hacks · snapshot 2023-11-15

Federal Communications Commission. adopted 2023-11-15, released 2023-11-16. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: (describing its routine use of “a one-time PIN delivered via SMS message or an outbound voice call to a postpaid customer’s device for enhanced customer validation,” and its “Number Transfer PIN process to validate postpaid port-out transactions”); CCA Comments at 3-4 (describing U.S. Cellular’s assigning of a PIN code to each customer that is used for customer authentication); Better Identity Coalition Comments at 4 (noting that “two major mobile network operators already support FIDO authentication for their customers”); NCTA Comments at 4-5 (describing authentication measures some wireless…

Protecting Consumers from SIM Swap and Port-Out Fraud, Report and Order and FNPRM (FCC 23-95, WC Docket 21-341) (Part 3 of 3)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Hacks · snapshot 2023-11-15

Federal Communications Commission. adopted 2023-11-15, released 2023-11-16. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: of Shipments, or Revenue Size of Firms for the U.S.: 2017, Table ID: EC1700SIZEREVFIRM, NAICS Code 517919, https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?y=2017&n=517919&tid=ECNSIZE2017.EC1700SIZEREVFIRM&hidePrevie w=false. 120 Id.The available U.S. Census Bureau data does not provide a more precise estimate of the number of firms that meet the SBA size standard. We also note that according to the U.S. Census Bureau glossary, the terms receipts and revenues are used interchangeably, see https://www.census.gov/glossary/#term_ReceiptsRevenueServices.…

Notice regarding Commencement of Repayments in Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Hacks · snapshot 2024-06-24

MtGox Rehabilitation Trustee. 2024-06-24. Citation only: the text is not republished here (Mt. Gox trustee: not public domain, no licence). Original: https://www.mtgox.com/img/pdf/20240624_announcement_en.pdf

Notice regarding Repayment in Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Hacks · snapshot 2024-07-05

MtGox Rehabilitation Trustee. 2024-07-05. Citation only: the text is not republished here (Mt. Gox trustee: not public domain, no licence). Original: https://www.mtgox.com/img/pdf/20240705_01_announcement_en.pdf

Opinion, Terpin v. AT&T Mobility LLC, No. 23-55375

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Hacks · snapshot 2024-09-30

2024-09-30. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Case: 23-55375, 09/30/2024, ID: 12908941, DktEntry: 66-1, Page 1 of 28 FOR PUBLICATION UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT MICHAEL TERPIN, No. 23-55375 Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. v. 2:18-cv-06975- ODW-KS AT AND T MOBILITY LLC, Defendant-Appellee, OPINION and DOES, 1-10,…

North Korea Responsible for $1.5 Billion Bybit Hack (Alert I-022625-PSA)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Hacks · snapshot 2025-02-26

FBI IC3. 2025-02-26. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: # North Korea Responsible for $1.5 Billion Bybit Hack (Alert I-022625-PSA) - Issuer: FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) - Date: 2025-02-26 - URL: https://www.ic3.gov/PSA/2025/PSA250226 - Retrieved: 2026-10-09 - Status: US federal government work (public domain). Full text below, extracted from the HTML page; navigation and boilerplate removed. --- The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is releasing this PSA to advise the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) was responsible for the theft of approximately $1.5 billion USD in virtual assets from cryptocurrency exchange…

Memorandum Opinion (restitution), United States v. Lichtenstein and Morgan, No. 23-239 (CKK), Doc. 300

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Hacks · snapshot 2025-04-04

2025-04-04. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Case 1:23-cr-00239-CKK Document 300 Filed 04/04/25 Page 1 of 20 Case 1:23-cr-00239-CKK Document 300 Filed 04/04/25 Page 2 of 20 Case 1:23-cr-00239-CKK Document 300 Filed 04/04/25 Page 3 of 20 Case 1:23-cr-00239-CKK Document 300 Filed 04/04/25 Page 4 of 20 Case 1:23-cr-00239-CKK Document 300 Filed 04/04/25 Page 5 of 20 Case 1:23-cr-00239-CKK Document 300 Filed 04/04/25 Page 6 of 20 Case 1:23-cr-00239-CKK Document 300 Filed 04/04/25 Page 7 of 20 Case 1:23-cr-00239-CKK Document 300 Filed 04/04/25 Page 8 of 20 Case 1:23-cr-00239-CKK Documen…

Hacker Com: Cyber Criminal Subset of The Community (Com) is a Rising Threat to Youth Online (Alert I-072325-PSA)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Hacks · snapshot 2025-07-23

FBI IC3. 2025-07-23. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: # Hacker Com: Cyber Criminal Subset of The Community (Com) is a Rising Threat to Youth Online - Issuer: FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) - Date: 2025-07-23 - URL: https://www.ic3.gov/PSA/2025/PSA250723 - Retrieved: 2026-10-09 - Status: US federal government work (public domain). Full text below, extracted from the HTML page; navigation and boilerplate removed. --- The Federal Bureau of Investigation is warning the public about Hacker Com, one of three subsets of the growing and evolving online threat group known as The Com, short for The Community. The Com is a primarily English sp…

In Real Life (IRL) Com: Violent Subset of The Community (Com) is a Rising Threat to Youth Online (Alert I-072325-2-PSA)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Hacks · snapshot 2025-07-23

FBI IC3. 2025-07-23. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: # In Real Life (IRL) Com: Violent Subset of The Community (Com) is a Rising Threat to Youth Online - Issuer: FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) - Date: 2025-07-23 - URL: https://www.ic3.gov/PSA/2025/PSA250723-2 - Retrieved: 2026-10-09 - Status: US federal government work (public domain). Full text below, extracted from the HTML page; navigation and boilerplate removed. --- The Federal Bureau of Investigation is warning the public about In Real Life (IRL) Com, one of three subsets of the growing and evolving online threat group known as The Com, short for The Community. The Com is a p…

Transfer Order, In re Coinbase Customer Data Security Breach Litigation, MDL No. 3153 (Doc. 68)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Hacks · snapshot 2025-08-07

2025-08-07. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Case MDL No. 3153 Document 68 Filed 08/07/25 Page 1 of 3 UNITED STATES JUDICIAL PANEL on MULTIDISTRICT LITIGATION IN RE: COINBASE CUSTOMER DATA SECURITY BREACH LITIGATION MDL No. 3153 TRANSFER ORDER Before the Panel: * Plaintiff in the Northern District of California Shakib action listed on Schedule A moves under 28 U.S.C. § 1407 to centralize this litigation in the Nort…

Fictitious Law Firms Targeting Cryptocurrency Scam Victims Combine Multiple Exploitation Tactics While Offering to Recover Funds (Alert I-081325-PSA)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Hacks · snapshot 2025-08-13

FBI IC3. 2025-08-13. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: # Fictitious Law Firms Targeting Cryptocurrency Scam Victims Combine Multiple Exploitation Tactics While Offering to Recover Funds - Issuer: FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) - Date: 2025-08-13 - URL: https://www.ic3.gov/PSA/2025/PSA250813 - Retrieved: 2026-10-09 - Status: US federal government work (public domain). Full text below, extracted from the HTML page; navigation and boilerplate removed. --- This PSA is an update to Alert Number I-062424-PSA titled, "Fictitious Law Firms Targeting Cryptocurrency Scam Victims Offering to Recover Funds." This updated advisory provides additi…

Notice Concerning Change of Repayments Deadline (to 2026-10-31 JST)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Hacks · snapshot 2025-10-27

MtGox Rehabilitation Trustee. 2025-10-27. Citation only: the text is not republished here (Mt. Gox trustee: not public domain, no licence). Original: https://www.mtgox.com/img/pdf/20251027_1cc36334-e8b2-4fe4-8135-97d9a149e4f7_announcement_en.pdf

Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendation, United States v. 86.8684 ETH from ChangeNOW Account …, No. 3:25-CV-999-S (Doc. 12), an address-poisoning forfeiture

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Hacks · snapshot 2025-11-12

2025-11-12. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Case 3:25-cv-00999-S Document 12 Filed 11/12/25 Page 1 of 10 PageID <pageID> IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS DALLAS DIVISION UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, § Plaintiff, § § v. § § No. 3:25-CV-999-S 86.8684 ETH FROM CHANGENOW § ACCOUNT CONTAINING ETHEREUM § ADDRESS 0xE6d503962cE577279EEBf54 § FfDCD2536FAbB640…